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This volume constitutes the first large-scale collaborative
reflection on Xenophon's Anabasis, gathering experts on Greek
historiography and Xenophon. It is structured in three sections:
the first section provides a linear reading of the Anabasis through
chapters on select episodes (from Book 1 through Book 7), including
the opening, Cyrus' characterisation, the meeting of Socrates and
Xenophon, Xenophon's leadership, the marches through Armenia and
along the Black Sea coast and the service under Seuthes in Thrace.
The second section offers an in-depth exploration of hitherto
overlooked recurrent themes. Based on new approaches and scholarly
trends, it focuses on topics such as the concept of friendship, the
speeches of characters other than Xenophon, the suffering of the
human body, the role of rumour and misrepresentation, and the
depiction of emotions. The third section offers a more thorough
investigation of the manifold reception of this work (in Antiquity,
Byzantium, Renaissance, modern period, in cinema studies and
illustrations). Finally, in acknowledgement of the Anabasis' long
history as a pedagogical text, the volume contains an envoi on the
importance and benefits of teaching Xenophon and the Anabasis, more
specifically.
Historical Consciousness and the Use of the Past in the Ancient
World offers linked essays on uses of the past in prominent and
diverse cultures in ancient civilizations across the world. The
contributors are leading experts in Ancient Near Eastern Studies,
Sinology, Biblical Studies, Classics, and Maya Studies. This volume
addresses crucial questions in current scholarship on historical
consciousness and historiography. These questions include the
formation of different traditions and the manifold uses of the past
in particular socio-political contexts or circumstances; the ways
in which these traditions and these types of cultural memory
informed or contributed to the rise of more formal modes of
historiography; interactions between formal modes of historiography
and other traditions of historical consciousness during their
transmission; and the implications of such interactions for
cultural heritage, collective memory, and later understandings of
history. By taking an interdisciplinary approach, this volume
situates the rise of formal modes of historiography within a larger
context of developments in historical consciousness and a wider web
of intercommunicating discourses. It also uncovers intellectual
processes, literary mechanisms, and social institutions involved in
the construction of history. During the construction of ancient
historiographies, while many local traditions persisted, some
ancients gradually went beyond the temporal and spatial limitations
of their local traditions, arriving at a more extended and unified
timespan, a wider geographical region, and a common origin.
In this volume an international group of scholars revisits the
themes of John Marincola's ground-breaking Authority and Tradition
in Ancient Historiography. The nineteen chapters offer a series of
case studies that explore how ancient historians' approaches to
their projects were informed both by the pull of tradition and by
the ambition to innovate. The key themes explored are the relation
of historiography to myth and poetry; the narrative authority
exemplified by Herodotus, the 'father' of history; the use of
'fictional' literary devices in historiography; narratorial
self-presentation; and self-conscious attempts to shape the
historiographical tradition in new and bold ways. The volume
presents a holistic vision of the development of Greco-Roman
historiography and the historian's dynamic position within this
practice.
This book is a study both of anachronism in antiquity and of
anachronism as a vehicle for understanding antiquity. It explores
the post-classical origins and changing meanings of the term
'anachronism' as well as the presence of anachronism in all its
forms in classical literature, criticism and material objects.
Contrary to the position taken by many modern philosophers of
history, this book argues that classical antiquity had a rich and
varied understanding of historical difference, which is reflected
in sophisticated notions of anachronism. This central hypothesis is
tested by an examination of attitudes to temporal errors in ancient
literary texts and chronological writings and by analysing notions
of anachronistic survival and multitemporality. Rather than seeing
a sense of anachronism as something that separates modernity from
antiquity, the book suggests that in both ancient writings and
their modern receptions chronological rupture can be used as a way
of creating a dialogue between past and present. With a selection
of case-studies and theoretical discussions presented in a manner
suitable for scholars and students both of classical antiquity and
of modern history, anthropology, and visual culture, the book's
ambition is to offer a new conceptual map of antiquity through the
notion of anachronism.
Historical Consciousness and the Use of the Past in the Ancient
World offers linked essays on uses of the past in prominent and
diverse cultures in ancient civilizations across the world. The
contributors are leading experts in Ancient Near Eastern Studies,
Sinology, Biblical Studies, Classics, and Maya Studies. This volume
addresses crucial questions in current scholarship on historical
consciousness and historiography. These questions include the
formation of different traditions and the manifold uses of the past
in particular socio-political contexts or circumstances; the ways
in which these traditions and these types of cultural memory
informed or contributed to the rise of more formal modes of
historiography; interactions between formal modes of historiography
and other traditions of historical consciousness during their
transmission; and the implications of such interactions for
cultural heritage, collective memory, and later understandings of
history. The chapters discuss many questions relating to the
volume's theme: theoretical and methodological approaches to
ancient material; intellectual, didactic, and social circumstances
and institutions; ideological motivations behind, and social
functions of, interactions; conceptual, narratological, and
literary processes and mechanisms such as synchronism, sequencing
of events, periodization, mythological prologues, aetiological
motifs, genealogical and chronological schemes, geographical and
ethnographical features, temporal and stylistic devices;
interchanges between different temporal frameworks such as
mythical, legendary, ritual, chronological; the extent and variety
of interactions such as manifestations in visual arts, monuments,
cultic activities, music and dramatic performance; physical or
textual channels for dissemination and transmission; stages and
periods of interaction in different cultures, authors, and texts;
convention and innovation; differences and relationships between
scholarly and popular conceptions of history; and exchanges between
local traditions and ones with a global perspective. By taking an
interdisciplinary approach, this volume situates the rise of formal
modes of historiography within a larger context of the development
of historical consciousness and a wider web of intercommunicating
discourses. It also uncovers intellectual processes, literary
mechanisms, and social institutions involved in the construction of
history. During its construction, while many local traditions
persisted, some ancients gradually went beyond the temporal and
spatial limitations of their local traditions, arriving at a more
extended and unified timespan, a wider geographical region, and a
common origin.
This book is a study both of anachronism in antiquity and of
anachronism as a vehicle for understanding antiquity. It explores
the post-classical origins and changing meanings of the term
'anachronism' as well as the presence of anachronism in all its
forms in classical literature, criticism and material objects.
Contrary to the position taken by many modern philosophers of
history, this book argues that classical antiquity had a rich and
varied understanding of historical difference, which is reflected
in sophisticated notions of anachronism. This central hypothesis is
tested by an examination of attitudes to temporal errors in ancient
literary texts and chronological writings and by analysing notions
of anachronistic survival and multitemporality. Rather than seeing
a sense of anachronism as something that separates modernity from
antiquity, the book suggests that in both ancient writings and
their modern receptions chronological rupture can be used as a way
of creating a dialogue between past and present. With a selection
of case-studies and theoretical discussions presented in a manner
suitable for scholars and students both of classical antiquity and
of modern history, anthropology, and visual culture, the book's
ambition is to offer a new conceptual map of antiquity through the
notion of anachronism.
This is the first comprehensive commentary on a section of
Xenophon's Anabasis in English for almost a century. It provides
up-to-date guidance on literary, historical and cultural aspects of
the Anabasis and will help undergraduate students to read Greek
better. It also incorporates recent advances in Xenophontic
scholarship and Greek linguistics, showcasing in particular
Xenophon's linguistic innovations and varied style. Advanced
students and professional scholars will also profit from the
sustained attention which this commentary devotes to Xenophon's
varied narrative strategies and to the reception of episodes from
Anabasis III in antiquity. The introduction and commentary show
that Xenophon is just as important (if not more so) to the
development of Greek historiography, and of Greek prose in general,
as Herodotus and Thucydides.
This is the first comprehensive commentary on a section of
Xenophon's Anabasis in English for almost a century. It provides
up-to-date guidance on literary, historical and cultural aspects of
the Anabasis and will help undergraduate students to read Greek
better. It also incorporates recent advances in Xenophontic
scholarship and Greek linguistics, showcasing in particular
Xenophon's linguistic innovations and varied style. Advanced
students and professional scholars will also profit from the
sustained attention which this commentary devotes to Xenophon's
varied narrative strategies and to the reception of episodes from
Anabasis III in antiquity. The introduction and commentary show
that Xenophon is just as important (if not more so) to the
development of Greek historiography, and of Greek prose in general,
as Herodotus and Thucydides.
`War is a harsh teache' wrote Thucydides in the fifth-century BC.
Rood analyses the techniques through which Thucydides' narrative
explains the origin and course of the Peloponnesian War and exposes
harsh truths about how individuals and states behave. Rood
concentrates on how the use of techniques, such as selectivity,
interaction of speech and narrative, and manipulation of time and
perspective, points at one level to general human constraints, at
another to the self-destructiveness of Athens' imperial power. The
book explores some techniques that have received little attention
and offers new ways of reading others; it gives new insight into
Thucydides' sophistication and the way he relates to his
predecessors. It is also important for its attempts to refute views
that Thucydides' History is made up of different compositional
strata or inspired by pro-Athenian bias. And it addresses directly
the way modern historians use Thucydides, contributes to the
contemporary debate over narrative history, and shows the value of
applying some of the concepts of recent narrative theory to
historical texts.
'Men, the enemy troops you can see are all that stands between us
and the place we have for so long been determined to reach. We must
find a way to eat them alive!' The Expedition of Cyrus tells the
story of the march of the Ten Thousand. The exploits of this famous
army of Greek mercenaries in modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq
were described by one of their leaders, the Athenian historian and
philosopher Xenophon. They were recruited at the end of the fifth
century BC by a young Persian prince, Cyrus, who rose in revolt
against his brother, the king of Persia. After Cyrus' death, the
army was left stranded in the desert of Mesopotamia, a thousand
miles from home. Their long march, across mountains and plateaux to
the sight of 'The sea! The sea!', and back to the fringes of the
Greek world, is the most exciting adventure story to survive from
the ancient world. Xenophon's gripping narrative offers a unique
insight into the character of a Greek army struggling to survive in
an alien world. It is also the most sustained eyewitness account of
the landscape of the vast and wealthy Persian empire. ABOUT THE
SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made
available the widest range of literature from around the globe.
Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship,
providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable
features, including expert introductions by leading authorities,
helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for
further study, and much more.
This book analyses the narrative technique of Thucydides, the historian of the war between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century BC. It relates his shifting uses of various techniques to his explanatory aims, and shows how he narrates the progression of one war and at the same time exposes various truths about the human condition.
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