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A century has already passed since FRIEDRICH MIESCHER, working at
Strasbourg and Basel, began his study of protamine, one of the
basic nuclear proteins of cells. It was first established by KOSSEL
that protamine represents the simplest known protein. In the
conviction that research into the nature of protamine would shed
light on that of other typical proteins, a group of researchers in
Germany followed MIESCHER and laid the foundations of protein
chemistry. A general view of prot amines was thus built up by
KOSSEL, working at Strasbourg, Berlin, Marburg an der Lahn, and
Heidelberg, FELIX at Heidelberg, Munich, and Frankfurt am Main, and
WALDSCHMIDT-LEITZ at Prague and Munich. Concepts and techniques
established by these studies have been widely utilized for research
on other typical proteins. The revolutionary advances in chemical
and physical techniques after W orId War II extended the sphere of
research to Tokyo in the Far East. Prof. FELIX' visit in 1955
greatly encouraged our research group in Tokyo. His death in August
1960 constituted a sad loss to protein chemistry and stimulated our
group to assume responsibility for carrying on the studies. In the
following decade we in Tokyo have been able to add a new
development to the results on the chemical structure of protamines
accumulated by the Eurqpean researchers over a period of about
fifty years."
This first book on high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is
intended for students and biologists who want to use HS-AFM in
their research. It provides straightforward explanations of the
principle and techniques of AFM and HS-AFM. Numerous examples of
HS-AFM studies on proteins demonstrate how to apply this new form
of microscopy to specific biological problems. Several precautions
for successful imaging and the preparation of cantilever tips and
substrate surfaces will greatly benefit first-time users of HS-AFM.
In turn, the instrumentation techniques detailed in Chapter 4 can
be skipped, but will be useful for engineers and scientists who
want to develop the next generation of high-speed scanning probe
microscopes for biology. The book is intended to facilitate the
first-time use of this new technique, and to inspire students and
researchers to tackle their own specific biological problems by
directly observing dynamic events occurring in the nanoscopic
world. Microscopy in biology has recently entered a new era with
the advent of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). Unlike
optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and conventional slow AFM,
it allows us to directly observe biological molecules in
physiological environments. Molecular "movies" created using HS-AFM
can directly reveal how molecules behave and operate, without the
need for subsequent complex analyses and roundabout
interpretations. It also allows us to directly monitor
morphological change in live cells, and dynamic molecular events
occurring on the surfaces of living bacteria and intracellular
organelles. As HS-AFM instruments were recently commercialized, in
the near future HS-AFM is expected to become a common tool in
biology, and will enhance and accelerate our understanding of
biological phenomena.
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