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Plant Factory Basics, Applications, and Advances takes the reader
from an overview of the need for and potential of plant factories
with artificial lighting (PFALs) in enhancing food production and
security to the latest advances and benefits of this agriculture
environment. Edited by leading experts Toyoki Kozai, Genhua Niu,
and Joseph Masabni, this book aims to provide a platform of PFAL
technology and science, including ideas on its extensive business
and social applications towards the next-generation PFALs. The book
is presented in four parts: Introduction, Basics, Applications, and
Advanced Research. Part 1 covers why PFALs are necessary for urban
areas, how they can contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals, and a definition of PFAL in relation to the term
"indoor vertical farm." Part 2 presents SI units and radiometric,
photometric, and photonmetric quantities, types, components, and
performance of LED luminaires, hydroponics and aquaponics, and
plant responses to the growing environment in PFALs. Part 3
describes the indexes and definition of various productivity
aspects of PFAL, provides comparisons of the productivity of the
past and the present operation of any given PFALs, and compares
PFALs with one another from the productivity standpoint by applying
the common indexes. Part 4 describes the advances in lighting and
their effects on plant growth, breeding of indoor and outdoor
crops, production of fruiting vegetables and head vegetables, and
concluding with a focus on a human-centered perspective of urban
agriculture. Providing real-world insights and experience, Plant
Factory Basics, Applications, and Advances is the ideal resource
for those seeking to take the next step in understanding and
applying PFAL concepts.
This book provides two basic concepts on plant propagation and
value-added transplant production in a closed structure with
artificial lighting: 1) photoautotrophic (sugar-free medium,
photosynthetic or inorganic nutrition) micropropagation systems,
and 2) closed transplant production systems with minimum resource
consumption and environmental pollution. This book also describes
the methodology, technology and practical techniques employed in
both systems, which have been commercialized recently in some Asian
countries such as China and Japan. We often use a closed structure
such as a tissue culture vessel, a culture room, a growth chamber,
a plant factory with lamps, and a greenhouse to propagate plants
and produce transplants. Main reasons why we use such a closed
structure is: 1) higher controllability of the environment for
desired plant growth, 2) easier protection of plants from damage by
harsh physical environment, pathogens, insects, animals, etc, 3)
easier reduction in resource consumption for environmental control
and protection, and 4) higher quality and productivity of plants at
a lower cost, compared with the plant propagation and transplant
production under rain, wind and sunlight shelters and in the open
fields. Thus, there should be some knowledge, discipline,
methodology, technology and problems to be solved on plant
propagation and transplant production common to those closed
structures, regardless of the types and sizes of the closed
structure.
This book provides two basic concepts on plant propagation and
value-added transplant production in a closed structure with
artificial lighting: 1) photoautotrophic (sugar-free medium,
photosynthetic or inorganic nutrition) micropropagation systems,
and 2) closed transplant production systems with minimum resource
consumption and environmental pollution. This book also describes
the methodology, technology and practical techniques employed in
both systems, which have been commercialized recently in some Asian
countries such as China and Japan. We often use a closed structure
such as a tissue culture vessel, a culture room, a growth chamber,
a plant factory with lamps, and a greenhouse to propagate plants
and produce transplants. Main reasons why we use such a closed
structure is: 1) higher controllability of the environment for
desired plant growth, 2) easier protection of plants from damage by
harsh physical environment, pathogens, insects, animals, etc, 3)
easier reduction in resource consumption for environmental control
and protection, and 4) higher quality and productivity of plants at
a lower cost, compared with the plant propagation and transplant
production under rain, wind and sunlight shelters and in the open
fields. Thus, there should be some knowledge, discipline,
methodology, technology and problems to be solved on plant
propagation and transplant production common to those closed
structures, regardless of the types and sizes of the closed
structure.
Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient
Quality Food Production, Second Edition presents a comprehensive
look at the implementation of plant factory (PF) practices to yield
food crops for both improved food security and environmental
sustainability. Edited and authored by leading experts in PF and
controlled environment agriculture (CEA), the book is divided into
five sections, including an Overview and the Concept of Closed
Plant Production Systems (CPPS), the Basics of Physics and
Physiology - Environments and Their Effects, System Design,
Construction, Cultivation and Management and Plant Factories in
Operation. In addition to new coverage on the rapid advancement of
LED technology and its application in indoor vertical farming,
other revisions to the new edition include updated information on
the status of business R&D and selected commercial PFALs (plant
factory with artificial lighting). Additional updates include those
focused on micro and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life
in urban areas, the physics and physiology of light, the impact of
PFAL on the medicinal components of plants, and the system design,
construction, cultivation and management issues related to
transplant production within closed systems, photoautotrophic
micro-propagation and education, training and intensive business
forums on PFs.
This book describes the concept, characteristics, methodology,
design, management, business, recent advances and future
technologies of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) and
indoor vertical farms. The third wave of PFAL business started in
around 2010 in Japan and Taiwan, and in USA and Europe it began in
about 2013 after the rapid advances in LED technology. The book
discusses the basic and advanced developments in recent PFALs and
future smart PFALs that emerged in 2016. There is an emerging
interest around the globe in smart PFAL R&D and business, which
are expected to play an important role in urban agriculture in the
coming decades. It is also expected that they will contribute to
solving the trilemma of food, environment and natural resources
with increasing urban populations and decreasing agricultural
populations and arable land area. Current obstacles to successful
PFAL R&D and business are: 1) no well-accepted concepts and
methodology for PFAL design and management, 2) lack of
understanding of the environmental effects on plant growth and
development and hydroponics among engineers; 3) lack of
understanding of the technical and engineering aspects of PFAL
among horticulturists; 4) lack of knowledge of the technical
challenges and opportunities in future PFAL businesses among
business professionals, policy makers, and investors and 5) lack of
a suitable textbook on the recent advances in PFAL technologies and
business for graduate students and young researchers. This book
covers all the aspects of successful smart PFAL R & D and
business.
This specially curated collection features five reviews of current
and key research on vertical farming in horticulture. The first
chapter describes and evaluates technologies and methods for
growing edible plants indoors and presents a survey of selected
commercial vertical farms currently operating that employ them. The
second chapter explores the benefits of plant factories with
artificial lighting (PFALs). The chapter assesses resource
consumption, costs and performance of current PFALs, as well as
methods for reducing resource consumption and production costs. The
third chapter explores recent advances in the ornamentals industry,
such as vertical propagation systems and LED technology, and how
these can be implemented to meet the challenges of a changing
marketplace and societal demands. The fourth chapter describes the
advantages and disadvantages of hydroponics, along with the
equipment and substrates used, and also examines
soilless/hydroponic growing systems for vegetables. The final
chapter describes the most recent innovation in hydroponic
technologies for plant cultivation within cities and their
adaptability to the urban fabric.
Climate change is recognised as agriculture’s biggest challenge
to date.* With increasing temperatures and an escalation in the
frequency and severity of extreme weather events, agricultural
productivity remains at risk of being compromised. With the food
security of millions threatened, there remains a need to develop
alternative, sustainable production models which can thrive in the
face of climate change. Advances in plant factories: New
technologies in indoor vertical farming reviews the wealth of
research on optimising plant factories with artificial lighting
(PFALs) as one potential solution to achieving a more sustainable
agriculture. The book addresses developments in process monitoring,
optimizing energy use, as well as adjusting lighting conditions to
improve the sensory and nutritional quality of a range of
horticultural crops. It also includes case studies of successful
plant factory operations. Through its exploration of the
development and application of PFALs in agriculture, the book
highlights the growing importance of controlled environment
agriculture technologies as a solution to maintaining global crop
production in a time where our climate remains as unpredictable as
ever.
This book focuses on light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, mainly
for the commercial production of horticultural crops in plant
factories and greenhouses with controlled environments, giving
special attention to: 1) plant growth and development as affected
by the light environment; and 2) business and technological
opportunities and challenges with regard to LEDs. The book contains
more than 30 chapters grouped into seven parts: 1) overview of
controlled-environment agriculture and its significance; 2) the
effects of ambient light on plant growth and development; 3)
optical and physiological characteristics of plant leaves and
canopies; 4) greenhouse crop production with supplemental LED
lighting; 5) effects of light quality on plant physiology and
morphology; 6) current status of commercial plant factories under
LED lighting; and 7) basics of LEDs and LED lighting for plant
cultivation. LED lighting for urban agriculture in the forthcoming
decades will not be just an advanced form of current urban
agriculture. It will be largely based on two fields: One is a new
paradigm and rapidly advancing concepts, global technologies for
LEDs, information and communication technology, renewable energy,
and related expertise and their methodologies; the other is basic
science and technology that should not change for the next several
decades. Consideration should be given now to future urban
agriculture based on those two fields. The tremendous potentials of
LED lighting for urban agriculture are stimulating many people in
various fields including researchers, businesspeople, policy
makers, educators, students, community developers, architects,
designers, and entrepreneurs. Readers of this book will understand
the principle, concept, design, operation, social roles, pros and
cons, costs and benefits of LED lighting for urban agriculture, and
its possibilities and challenges for solving local as well as
global agricultural, environmental, and social issues.
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