While there is a limited data on safety-sensitive professionals, substance use disorders potentially affect pilots and flight attendants at the same rate as the general population - around 15 percent - but due to the high-risk nature of their jobs, aircraft operators are held to a higher standard for substance misuse on the job. To protect the safety of the public and the aviation workforce, the Human Intervention Motivation Study (HIMS) and the Flight Attendant Drug and Alcohol Program (FADAP) were launched to help treat critical aviation workers - pilots and flight attendants, respectively - who misuse substances. In response to a congressional mandate, this new report reviews available evidence on the effectiveness of HIMS and FADAP and offers recommendations for improving these programs. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Brief Descriptions of the Human Intervention and Motivational Study and the Flight Attendant Drug and Alcohol Program 3 Evidence-Based Practices for Identifying and Treating Substance Use Disorders 4 A Program Evaluation Overview for Support of Pilots and Flight Attendants with Substance Use Disorders 5 Outcomes of the Human Intervention and Motivation Study (HIMS) and the Flight Attendant Drug and Alcohol Program (FADAP): Analysis of the Available Evidence 6 Summary Assessment: Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Other Alcohol and Drug Programs in the Transportation Sector Appendix B: Speakers, Papers, and Literature Review Data Gathering Appendix C: Communications between the Committee and the FAA, HIMS, ALPA, and Congressional Staff Appendix D: Committee Member Biosketches Appendix E: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflict of Interest

Transportation engineers have used editions of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) in their analyses for decades. The HCM is the fundamental reference for concepts, performance measures, and analysis techniques for evaluating the multimodal operation of streets, highways, freeways, and off-street paths. This 7th Edition contains new information, including new planning-level methods for connected and automated vehicles; a completely revised procedure for analyzing two-lane highways; a new procedure for evaluating systems of freeways and arterials with queue spillback; and updated methodologies for pedestrian operations at uncontrolled and signalized crossings.

In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers? At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Charging Technologies 3 Understanding the Customer Purchase and Market Development Process for Plug-in Electric Vehicles 4 Government Support for Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles 5 Charging Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric Vehicles 6 Implications of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for the Electricity Sector 7 Incentives for the Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Appendixes Appendix A: Biographical Information on the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment Appendix B: Meetings and Presentations Appendix C: International Incentives

TRB Special Report 207: Transportation Professionals: Future Needs and Opportunities Aware assesses future professional needs in highway and mass transit agencies in federal, state, and local government. This study also examines the role of consulting firms in satisfying the future professional requirements of highway and transit agencies. A large number of professionals who entered highway and mass transit organizations during the past 30 years are expected to retire soon, particularly those who helped build the nation's Interstate system. Unless there is careful planning, this loss of professional capability could impair the ability of these agencies to maintain the nations's transportation system effectively.

Weather has broad and significant effects on the roadway environment. Snow, rain, fog, ice, freezing rain, and other weather conditions can impair the ability of drivers to operate their vehicles safely, significantly reduce roadway capacity, and dramatically increase travel times. Multiple roadway activities, from roadway maintenance and construction to shipping, transit, and police operations, are directly affected by inclement weather. Some road weather information is available to users currently, however a disconnect remains between current research and operations, and additional research could yield important safety and economic improvements for roadway users. Meteorology, roadway technology, and vehicle systems have evolved to the point where users could be provided with better road weather information through modern information technologies. The combination of these technologies has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of roadway operations, road capacity, and road safety. Where the Weather Meets the Road provides a roadmap for moving these concepts to reality. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Road Weather System of the Future 3 Current Meteorological and Transportation Activities Relevant to Road Weather 4 Opportunities to Enhance the Road Weather System 5 Implementing Improved Road Weather Research and Management Programs Closing Thoughts References Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff Appendix C: Presentations to the Committee

For the past few years, the Corps has been working on what is known as the Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study, the heart of which is a multibillion-dollar proposal to double the length of up to a dozen locks on the river. The Research Council first reviewed the feasibility study in 2001 during controversies over the accuracy of models being used by the Corps to justify lock expansion based on increased demand for barge transportation. More than 100 million tons of cargo-half of it grain destined for international markets, the other half goods such as construction materials, coal, and chemicals-are shipped along the navigation system each year. The locks, which along with dams allow barges to traverse uneven river depths, were originally designed for "tows" of barges up to 600 feet long, but the length of a typical tow has increased, forcing the Corps to look for ways to relieve congestion. The book finds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has made good progress in broadening its proposed plan for navigation improvements on the Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway system to give greater consideration to ecological restoration. However, the plan still does not provide sufficient economic justification for expanding locks on the rivers because of flaws in the models the Corps used to predict demand for barge transportation. Little attention is paid to inexpensive, nonstructural navigation improvements that could help better manage existing levels of barge traffic. The revised plan has been usefully expanded to include many creative and potentially useful ecosystem restoration measures. These measures, however, should be more firmly grounded in river science principles and more broadly consider ways the river's ecology might affect or be affected by navigation, recreation and other uses. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway System 3 Technical Issues 4 Implementation References Appendix A: Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway System Appendix B: National Research Council Board Membership and Staff Appendix C: Committee Member and Staff Biographies

Noteworthy progress has been made recently toward understanding and quantifying the smoke toxicity factors involved in fire hazard assessment. Such progress has led to increased attention to the significance of fire growth parameters for toxic hazard. Methodology has been proposed to use fire test data, including information on the toxic potency of smoke in engineering calculations for the assessment of overall fire hazard. Confidence in the methodology may evolve from comparison with full-scale fire tests as well as from human fire fatality experience. This report addresses fire modeling, fire testing, smoke toxicity testing, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment. In the assessment of potential toxic hazards in the event of fires in mass transit vehicles, the report concludes that selection of candidate materials should be based on analyses using both toxicological and engineering considerations. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1. Background 2. Fire Modeling 3. Fire Testing 4. Smoke Toxicity Testing 5. Toxic Hazard Assessment 6. Fire Risk Assessment Appendix A: Recommended Fire Safety Practices for Rail Transit Materials Selection Appendix B: Standard Terminology of Fire Standards Appendix C: Transit Vehicle Fire Experience Appendix D: Transit Vehicle Interior Materials Appendix E: Suggested Readings Appendix F: Curricula Vitae

The surface transportation system is vital to our nation's economy, defense, and quality of life. Because threats against the system have hitherto been perceived as minor, little attention has been paid to its security. But the world is changing, as highlighted by dramatic incidents such as the terrorist chemical attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. As a consequence, security concerns are now attracting more attention?appropriately so, for the threat is real, and responding to it is hard. Although the surface transportation system is remarkably resilient, it is also open and decentralized, making a security response challenging. Research and development can contribute to that response in important ways. Some important themes emerge from analysis of this strategy. First, a dual-use approach, in which security objectives are furthered at the same time as other transportation goals, can encourage the implementation of security technologies and processes. Second, modeling could be used more to develop a better understanding of the scope of the security problem. Third, DOT can play an important role in developing and disseminating information about best practices that use existing technologies and processes, including low-technology alternatives. Finally, security should be considered as part of a broader picture, not a wholly new and different problem but one that is similar and closely connected to the transportation community's previous experience in responding to accidents, natural disasters, and hazardous materials. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction and Background 2 Assessing Vulnerability 3 Establishing a Research and Development Strategy 4 Applying the Methodology: Some Specific Research and Development Topics 5 A Vision for the Future References Appendix A: Background on Systems Theory Appendix B: The Likely Course of Development of Chemical and Biological Attacks Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

The regulation of carbon monoxide has been one of the great success stories in air pollution control. While more than 90 percent of the locations with carbon monoxide monitors were in violation in 1971, today the number of monitors showing violations has fallen to only a few, on a small number of days and mainly in areas with unique meteorological and topographical conditions. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1. Ambient Carbon Monoxide Pollution in the United States 2. Contributions of Topography, Meteorology, and Human Activity to Carbon Monoxide Concentrations 3. Management of Carbon Monoxide Air Quality 4. The Future of Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Management References Glossary Appendix A: Biographical Information on the Committee on Carbon Monoxide Episodes in Meteorological and Topographical Problem Areas Appendix B: Abbreviations and Names Used for Classifying Organic Compounds Appendix C: A Simple Box Model with Recirculation

This is the most recent report of the National Research Council's Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), which has conducted annual reviews of the PNGV program since it was established in late 1993. The PNGV is a cooperative R&D program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR, whose members are DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors) to develop technologies for a new generation of automobiles with up to three times the fuel economy of a 1993 midsize automobile. The reports review major technology development areas (four-stroke direct-injection engines, fuel cells, energy storage, electronic/electrical systems, and structural materials); the overall adequacy of R&D efforts; the systems analysis effort and how it guides decisions on R the progress toward long-range component and system-level cost and performance goals; and efforts in vehicle emissions and advanced materials research and how results target goals. Unlike previous reports, the Seventh Report comments on the goals of the program, since the automotive market and U.S. emission standards have changed significantly since the program was initiated. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2. Development of Vehicle Subsystems 3. Vehicle Engineering Developments 4. Program Overview 5. PNGV's Response to the Sixth Report References Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Appendix B: The PNGV Response to Recommendations in the Sixth Report Appendix C: Presentations and Committee Activities Appendix D: United States Council for Automotive Research Consortia Acronyms and Abbreviations

As recently as the summer of 2001, many travelers were dreading air transportation because of extensive delays associated with undercapacity of the system. That all changed on 9/11, and demand for air transportation has not yet returned to peak levels. Most U.S. airlines continue to struggle for survival, and some have filed for bankruptcy. The situation makes it difficult to argue that strong action is urgently needed to avert a crisis of undercapacity in the air transportation system. This report assesses the visions and goals for U.S. civil aviation and technology goals for the year 2050. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1. Foundation for Change 2. Improving Air Transportation System 3. System Modeling and Simulation 4. Improving Aircraft Performance 5. Process for Change Findings, Recommendations, and the Big Question Appendix A: Statement of Task and Study Approach Appendix B: Comparative Assessment of Goals and Visions Appendix C: Biographies of Committee Members Appendix D: Propulsion Taxonomy: Comments on Propulsion Fundamentals Appendix E: Four Levels of Models Appendix F: Acronyms and Abbreviations

The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership is a collaborative effort among the Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), and five major energy companies to manage research that will enable the vision of "a clean and sustainable transportation energy future." It envisions a transition from more efficient internal combustion engines (ICEs), to advanced ICE hybrid electric vehicles, to enabling a private-sector decision by 2015 on hydrogen-fueled vehicle development. This report, which builds on an earlier NRC report, The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs, presents an evaluation of the Partnership's research efforts on hydrogen-fueled transportation systems, and provides findings and recommendations about technical directions, strategies, funding, and management. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Major Crosscutting Issues 3 Vehicle Subsystems 4 Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Dispensing 5 Overall Assessment Appendix A U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) Consortia Appendix B Organization Chart for the U.S. Department of Energy?s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (as of August 2004) Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Appendix D Presentations and Committee Meetings Appendix E Participants in Hydrogen Storage Projects for FY04 and FY05 Appendix F Acronyms and Abbreviations