Environmental degradation in the world is one of discussing problems in the literature for many decades. There are a lot of factors discussed that worsen our environment. Environmental degradation due to the pollution from fossil fuels induce countries to decrease their use, however, until the productivity of renewable resources reaches the necessary level, countries continue to be highly dependent on non-renewable sources. Another important issue is increasing waste in all spheres of our life. One of the solutions for the environmental degradation slowdown is in circular economy. The circular economy aims to produce as less waste as possible by reusing materials in new productions. The circular economy is becoming part of many different sectors of an economy. This book discusses and analyzes different sectors that are starting to be involved in the circular economy process in Turkey.

The authors of both the canonical and non-canonical novels in '30s Turkey prefer to discuss modernity through using gender and related themes. Moreover, namus (sexual honor) and nationalism form the limits of alternative discourses. However there is a difference between the non-canonical and canonical novels in terms of modernity: the canonical novels explicitly criticize a definition of modernity as a process that increases the possibilities for individual liberation, perceives it as reflection of selfish individualism and defends rather a model of modernity based on a more rationally and centrally controlled society. According to them, the first model of modernity shows its darker side in woman's degeneration. The fundamental sign of this degeneration is that woman loses her sexual namus. Thus, the main question of the canonical novel is a negative one: How shouldn't we modernize? It is a question that reminds the reader primarily of the dangers of modernity. This defensive position of the canonical novels towards modernization is explained by the tension between nationalism and modernism, in Kemalist ideology and practice.