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South Texas and northern Mexico formed a seedbed of revolt in the
late nineteenth century. In the 1890s, two decades after he had
launched his own successful revolution from South Texas, Mexican
president Porfirio DÍaz faced a cross-border insurgency intent on
toppling his government. The Garza War, so named for the
revolutionary firebrand and editor Catarino Erasmo Garza, actually
comprised three concerted Texas-based attempts to overthrow DÍaz:
a June 1890 raid led by Francisco Ruiz Sandoval, the Garza Raid of
September 1891, and the San Ignacio Raid of December 1892. In the
first detailed military history of the Garza War, Thomas Ty Smith
reveals how an armed insurrection against a foreign government,
conducted on American soil, drew the US Army into a uniquely
complex conflict whose repercussions would be felt on both sides of
the US-Mexico border for generations to come. Though not intended
as a direct threat to the United States, the insurgency, in using
Texas as a staging area, threatened US neutrality laws, forcing the
United States to honor its treaty obligations to the Porfirio DÍaz
government in Mexico City—a proposition further complicated by
the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which prevented soldiers from
acting as law enforcement. Smith describes how what began as a
measured and somewhat limited effort by the United States to
enforce the Neutrality Act in Texas eventually escalated into an
all-out shooting war between the army and the Garzistas, elevating
the counterinsurgency campaign into the highest military,
diplomatic, and political echelons of both America and Mexico. The
Garza War in South Texas profiles central characters in the
conflict—such as Captain John Gregory Bourke, famed for his
service with Major General George Crook in the Indian Wars; the
biracial, bilingual Shely brothers, former Texas Rangers who ran
the army’s secret spy network; and Francisco Benavides, aka El
Tuerto (One-Eye), leader of the 1892 raid that resulted in the
brutal slaughter and burning of a Mexican federal cavalry outpost
across the river from San Ygnacio, Texas. These revolutionaries
provided a cornerstone ideology, and a historic legacy, for the
Mexican Revolution two decades later.
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