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The essential introduction to the understanding of the structure of
inorganic solids and materials. This revised and updated 2nd
Edition looks at new developments and research results within
Structural Inorganic Chemistry in a number of ways, special
attention is paid to crystalline solids, elucidation and
description of the spatial order of atoms within a chemical
compound. Structural principles of inorganic molecules and solids
are described through traditional concepts, modern bond-theoretical
theories, as well as taking symmetry as a leading principle.
The phase transformation from liquid to solid is a phenomenon
central to a wide range of manufacturing and natural processes. The
presence of phase transformation can drive convection in the melt
through the liberation of latent heat, the rejection of solute, and
the change of density upon freezing. The fluid mechanics itself can
playa central role; the phase transformation can be strongly
altered by convective transport in the liquid through the
modification of the thermal and solutal environment of the
solid-liquid interface; these local fields control the freezing
characteristics at the interface. The convection can be generated
naturally by buoyancy forces arising from gradients of temperature
and concentration in the liquid, by density changes upon freezing,
and by thermocapillary and solutocapillary forces on liquid-solid
interfaces. The interactive coupling between solidification and
convection forms the subject of this volume. Such coupled processes
are significant on a large range of scales. Among the applications
of interest are the manufacture of single crystals, the processing
of surfaces using laser or molecular beams, and the processes of
soldering and welding. One wants to understand and predict
macrosegregation in castings, transport and fractionation in
geological and geophysical systems, and heat accumulation in energy
redistribution and storage systems. This volume contains papers
presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Interactive
Dynamics of Convection and Solidification" held in Chamonix,
France, March 8-13, 1992.
INSTEAD OF A "FESTSCHRIFT" In June 1998 Hans Primas turned 70 years
old. Although he himself is not fond of jubilees and although he
likes to play the decimal system of numbers down as contingent,
this is nevertheless a suitable occasion to reflect on the
professional work of one of the rare distinguished contempo rary
scientists who attach equal importance to experimental and
theoretical and conceptual lines of research. Hans Primas'
interests have covered an enormous range: methods and instruments
for nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, C* - and W*
-algebraic formulations of quantum me chanics, the measurement
problem and its various implications, holism and realism in quantum
theory, theory reduction, the work and personality of Wolfgang
Pauli, as well as Jungian psychology. In many of these fields he
provided important and original food for thought, in some cases
going far beyond the everyday business in the scien tific world. As
is the case with other scientists who are conceptually inno vative,
Hans Primas is read more than he is quoted. His influence is due to
his writings. Even with the current flood of publications, he still
performs the miracle of having scientists eagerly awaiting his next
publication."
Ludwig Prandtl, with his fundamental contributions to
hydrodynamics, ae- dynamics, and gas dynamics, greatly in?uenced
the development of ?uid - chanics as a whole, and it was his
pioneering research in the ?rst half of the last century that
founded modern ?uid mechanics. His book Fu]hrer durch die
Str]omungslehre, which appeared in 1942, originated from previous
pub- cations in 1913, Lehre von der Flu]ssigkeit und Gasbewegung,
and 1931, Abriss der Str]omungslehre. The title Fu]hrer durch die
Str]omungslehre, or Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, is an indication
of Prandtl's intentions to guide the reader on a carefully
thought-out path through the di?erent areas of ?uid mech- ics. On
his way, the author advances intuitively to the core of the
physical problem, without extensive mathematical derivations. The
description of the fundamental physical phenomena and concepts of
?uid mechanics that are needed to derive the simpli?ed models has
priority over a formal treatment of the methods. This is in keeping
with the spirit of Prandtl's research work. The ?rst edition of
Prandtl's Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre was the only book on
?uid mechanics of its time and, even today, counts as one of the
most important books in this area. After Prandtl's death, his
students Klaus Oswatitsch and Karl Wieghardt undertook to continue
his work, and to add new ?ndings in ?uid mechanics in the same
clear manner of presentation."
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Wirbeltransportgleichung, die
Poisson Gleichung fUr die Stromfunktion und die Impulsgleichung in
spharischen Koordina ten mit Hilfe finiter
Differenzenapproximationen integriert. Mit der Leisung werden
rotationssymmetrische Str1: imungen in Kugelspalten fUr
verschiedene Winkelbe schleunigungen der Innenkugel untersucht. Der
Vergleich der errechneten Ergebnis se mit experimentellen Daten
zeigt, dal3 die Auswahl des Gitternetzes die Ergebnisse
entscheidend beeinflussen" kann. Wird die Schrittweite zu gr 13
gewahlt, stellt sich eine L1: isung ein, die nicht zu den
vorgegebenen Randbedingungen geh1: irt. Es lal3t sich jedoch eine
Genauigkeitsbedingung angeben, mit der diese Schwierig keit
umgangen werden kann. FUr stationare Str1: imungen sind die
berechneten Drehmomente in guter Ubereinstimmung mit bekannten
experimentellen Daten. Die bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen
vermuten, dal3 einige instationare Str1: imungszustande zumindest
wahrend der Beschleunigungsphase dreidimensionalen Charakter haben,
jedoch werden bei kleineren Spaltweiten auch fUr rotationssym
metrische Str1: imungen instationare Zustande berechnet. Die
resultierenden Dreh momentenbeiwerte zeigen Schwankungen von etwa
sechs Prozent. Eine Analyse der Stromlinienbilder ergibt, dal3
periodisch Wirbel in einiger Entfernung vom Aquator erzeugt und in
seiner Nahe wieder unterdrUckt werden. Andere Rechnungen, die mit
der angegebenen L1: isungsmethode durchgefUhrt wurden, bestatigen
die Kirchgass nersche Stabilitatsgrenze, die naherungsweise fUr
Kugelspaltstr1: imungen auch in der Nahe des Aquators gilt. Die
Integrationen wurden vom Zustand der Ruhe begonnen. Durch Anderung
der Winkelbeschleunigung in Abhangigkeit von der Zeit lassen sich
Verzweigungen der L1: isung bestimmen. ZukUnftige Arbeiten sehen
die Konstruktion eines Verzwei gungsdiagramms vor."
The book deals with the theme of incompressible flows of
electrically conducting fluids in hydraulic components. The main
content of the book is a result of engineering research associated
with the design of liquid metal cooling systems for fusion
reactors. The book is well suited to serve as a guide for utilising
magnetohydrodynamic means in other engineering disciplines such as
in material processing, metallurgical engineering and power
engineering.
This book serves as an introduction to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for graduate and advanced undergraduate engineering students. It may be used by engineers and physicists in research institutions and industry to become familiar with the particular phenomena of magnetothermohydraulics in technical liquid metal flows influenced by magnetic fields. The starting point of the book is the outcome of a recent nuclear fusion project. Therefore, it contains many new results that can be utilized for the design and optimization of various technical systems and processes.
The phase transformation from liquid to solid is a phenomenon
central to a wide range of manufacturing and natural processes. The
presence of phase transformation can drive convection in the melt
through the liberation of latent heat, the rejection of solute, and
the change of density upon freezing. The fluid mechanics itself can
playa central role; the phase transformation can be strongly
altered by convective transport in the liquid through the
modification of the thermal and solutal environment of the
solid-liquid interface; these local fields control the freezing
characteristics at the interface. The convection can be generated
naturally by buoyancy forces arising from gradients of temperature
and concentration in the liquid, by density changes upon freezing,
and by thermocapillary and solutocapillary forces on liquid-solid
interfaces. The interactive coupling between solidification and
convection forms the subject of this volume. Such coupled processes
are significant on a large range of scales. Among the applications
of interest are the manufacture of single crystals, the processing
of surfaces using laser or molecular beams, and the processes of
soldering and welding. One wants to understand and predict
macrosegregation in castings, transport and fractionation in
geological and geophysical systems, and heat accumulation in energy
redistribution and storage systems. This volume contains papers
presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Interactive
Dynamics of Convection and Solidification" held in Chamonix,
France, March 8-13, 1992.
Ludwig Prandtl, with his fundamental contributions to
hydrodynamics, ae- dynamics, and gas dynamics, greatly in?uenced
the development of ?uid - chanics as a whole, and it was his
pioneering research in the ?rst half of the last century that
founded modern ?uid mechanics. His book Fu]hrer durch die
Str]omungslehre, which appeared in 1942, originated from previous
pub- cations in 1913, Lehre von der Flu]ssigkeit und Gasbewegung,
and 1931, Abriss der Str]omungslehre. The title Fu]hrer durch die
Str]omungslehre, or Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, is an indication
of Prandtl's intentions to guide the reader on a carefully
thought-out path through the di?erent areas of ?uid mech- ics. On
his way, the author advances intuitively to the core of the
physical problem, without extensive mathematical derivations. The
description of the fundamental physical phenomena and concepts of
?uid mechanics that are needed to derive the simpli?ed models has
priority over a formal treatment of the methods. This is in keeping
with the spirit of Prandtl's research work. The ?rst edition of
Prandtl's Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre was the only book on
?uid mechanics of its time and, even today, counts as one of the
most important books in this area. After Prandtl's death, his
students Klaus Oswatitsch and Karl Wieghardt undertook to continue
his work, and to add new ?ndings in ?uid mechanics in the same
clear manner of presentation."
The essential introduction to the understanding of the structure of
inorganic solids and materials. This revised and updated 2nd
Edition looks at new developments and research results within
Structural Inorganic Chemistry in a number of ways, special
attention is paid to crystalline solids, elucidation and
description of the spatial order of atoms within a chemical
compound. Structural principles of inorganic molecules and solids
are described through traditional concepts, modern bond-theoretical
theories, as well as taking symmetry as a leading principle.
This volume deals with fundamental problems of the natural sciences
and the philosophy of nature. The issues addressed touch upon the
many research areas of Hans Primas, and they reflect both the depth
and the breadth of his interests, ranging from nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy, theoretical chemistry, theory reduction,
the measurement problem, holism and realism in quantum theory, to
the dialogue between W. Pauli and C. G. Jung. Each individual
contribution is prefaced by a short editorial introduction,
relating diverse topics to each other and embedding them in a wider
frame.
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