The ever increasing relevance of European law which involves replacement or supplementation of and interaction with national law not only affects the states in Europe but also, and foremost, the citizens. The rights of the citizens in Europe are protected by the European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. The aim of this textbook is to grasp and illustrate the meaning of these rights and to integrate it into a coherent system. For this purpose the book not only deals with the pertinent law of the European Union and the European Community, but also with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which, too, is becoming more and more important. In addition, regard is had to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union which forms part of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. Although the Charter is not yet legally binding since the Constitution has not been ratified by all EU Member States, the Community Courts already make reference to it as a concentrate of the constitutional traditions common to the Member States. It therefore does not seem entirely unlikely that the Charter might be included into the existing Treaties irrespective of the future constitutional developments on the EU level. On a similar anticipatory basis the book also takes into account those Protocols to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms that have not yet entered into force.

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the long-term care systems in 12 EU member states and Norway. Focusing on the legal background and its main principles, it includes a comparative analysis which highlights the principal dissimilarities between European long term care benefits, but at the same time also a variety of features in common. It also discusses the increasingly transnational dimension of long-term as a result of migrants returning to their country of origin in old age, and the still-unsolved legal problem of entitlement to long-term care benefits in another EU-member state.

European public discourse often frames (forced) migration solely as a security issue and ignores the implications of societal diversity for health, quality-of-life and well-being, in both Africa and Europe. The present volume offers an interdisciplinary and international look at the relationship between refugees, diversity, and health, including health care policies, socio-political framework conditions, environmental factors, the situation in refugee camps, quality-of-life approaches and economical perspectives.

The so-called 'refugee crisis' represents one of the biggest contemporary political and social challenges. Although many African countries have been dealing with forced migratory and refugee movements for decades, their experiences have so far largely been neglected in the predominantly Eurocentric public debate. The present volume aims to bridge this gap by providing comparative African and European perspectives from different disciplines, highlighting the challenges but also potential mutual benefits of social diversification, and offering an insight into possible solution strategies.

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the long-term care systems in 12 EU member states and Norway. Focusing on the legal background and its main principles, it includes a comparative analysis which highlights the principal dissimilarities between European long term care benefits, but at the same time also a variety of features in common. It also discusses the increasingly transnational dimension of long-term as a result of migrants returning to their country of origin in old age, and the still-unsolved legal problem of entitlement to long-term care benefits in another EU-member state.

Vor dem Hintergrund der Einfuhrung des europaischen Vollstreckungstitels wird der Einfluss der europaischen Grundrechte auf die Anerkennung und Vollstreckbarerklarung auslandischer Entscheidungen im europaischen Zivilverfahrensrecht untersucht. Als Grundlage fur die weitere Arbeit werden die Verfahrensgrundrechte in der europaischen Grundrechtsordnung herausgearbeitet. Anhand der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden dann die Anerkennungshindernisse im Exequaturverfahren auf ihren grundrechtlichen Gehalt hin durchleuchtet. Insbesondere werden die Verzichtbarkeit des verfahrensrechtlichen ordre-public-Vorbehalts und die Gewahrleistung des rechtlichen Gehoers des Vollstreckungsschuldners bei der Zustellung des verfahrenseinleitenden Schriftstucks diskutiert. Schliesslich wird auf die erst vor kurzem erlassene Verordnung uber den Europaischen Vollstreckungstitel fur unbestrittene Forderungen eingegangen.

Unlike the USA with its "elder law," German jurisprudence has previously lacked a comprehensive survey of laws related to the aging of society. Given the social challenges related to the demographic aging, there was a clear need for a German "elder law" a collection and analysis of legal provisions that respond specifically to the needs of elderly individuals. A team of renowned experts provides extensive insights about all relevant questions in this area of law and offers an understandable presentation of legal structures and areas of contention along with innovative approaches."

Hit by the European financial and economic crisis in 2008, several Member States of the European Monetary Union (EMU) were unable to refinance their public debt through the financial markets. As a result, they asked for financial assistance from international institutions and European financial assistance mechanisms. That assistance often came at a high price for citizens, cuts in pensions and social assistance, and controversial reforms in public healthcare. These far-reaching reforms were, in many cases, experienced as violations of people's human rights. National constitutional courts, the Court of Justice of the EU, and the European Court of Human Rights issued a series of rulings on the conformity of the reforms in social protection initiated during the Eurozone crisis. This book offers a holistic analysis of the specific reforms in social protection introduced during the European financial crisis and their implications for constitutional law. Focusing on the social reforms of nine European countries that were greatly affected by the financial crisis, the volume seeks to address the legacy of the financial crisis on the application of constitutional law and the welfare state. The book will act as a helpful tool to legal academics interested in the challenges of constitutional and social law initiated by financial assistance conditionality, to advocates in quest of sound legal bases for the protection of individuals affected by social security reforms, and to national and international judges who are confronted with cases that question the legality and legitimacy of the crisis-related reforms.

Der vorliegende Bericht ist eine Fortsetzung des Forschungsberichtes Nr. 1716 uber die Untersuchung und Weiterentwicklung neuer Metallbearbeitungsver- fahren - elektrochemische Bearbeitung [7]. Es werden Untersuchungsergeb- nisse des elektrochemischen Senkens und Schleifens diskutiert. Beide Verfahren erlangen in der Praxis eine immer groessere Bedeutung. Das elektrochemische Senken konkurriert mit der Funkenerosion und bei den spanabhebenden Ferti- gungsverfahren vor allem mit dem Kopierfrasen, Stossen und Bohren. Das elektro- chemische Schleifen hat sein Hauptanwendungsgebiet in der Aufbereitung von Schnittwerkzeugen gefunden. Hartmetallbestuckte Drehmeissel werden mit V or- teil elektrochemisch geschliffen. Die Vorteile der elektrochemischen Verfahren lassen sich wie folgt kurz zu- sammenfassen: 1. Die Bearbeitbarkeit der Werkstoffe ist unabhangig von den mechanischen Eigenschaften, wie Harte und Festigkeit, Einflussgroessen sind nur die im Faradayschen Gesetz enthaltenen Groessen. 2. Am Werkzeug erfolgt kein elektrochemischer Abtrag. Daher verschleisst das Werkzeug beim Senken nicht. Beim Schleifen verschleisst es nur geringfugig wegen des mechanischen Abtragsanteiles. 3. Eine thermische Werkstoffbeeinflussung wird vermieden, weil die Bearbeitung bei Temperaturen unter 100 DegreesC stattfindet. 4. Eine Unterteilung der Bearbeitung in eine Schrupp-und Schlichtoperation wird im allgemeinen nicht vorgenommen, da sich die Oberflachen verfahrens- bedingt mit steigender Abtraggeschwindigkeit verbessern. Im folgenden sollen das elektrochemische Senken und Schleifen in getrennten Abschnitten besprochen werden.

This book is a look back at the beginnings of the Es pe ranto move ment in the US and beyond, opening a window into contemporaneous accounts on the pages of a world-renowned news paper. -- Some of the articles in this collection reflect aspects of the his tory of the Esperanto movement quite vividly; in others, we find odd anecdotes about Esperanto and the Esperantists; and many passionately-written letters from readers illustrate the ups and downs, the successes and conflicts of the Esperanto community, as well as its disputes with the skeptics outside their ranks. -- These first 35 years of the history of Esperanto seen from the vantage point of the New York Times show how Esperanto gradually became established in the US and in the world, carried on the high hopes of its early, idealistic proponents. -- The book is supplemented by an appendix containing an index of the names of persons mentioned in the newspaper articles, a short bibliography, and a collection of links to reliable information on Esperanto on the Internet.

Zwischenprufungsarbeit aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Praktische (Ethik, Asthetik, Kultur, Natur, Recht, ...), Note: 1,3, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Philosophie), Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Die vorliegende Arbeit hat nach Ausbesserung der Rechtschreibfehler die Note 1,3 in einer schriftlichen Zwischenprufung betatigt bekommen., Abstract: In seiner Schrift Zum ewigen Frieden"1 befasst sich Kant mit den Moglichkeiten und Bedingungen eines permanenten Friedenszustands auf der ganzen Welt - innerhalb eines Staates, aber vor allem zwischen Staaten. Diese, vielleicht fantastisch anmutende Theorie eines Weltfriedens' leitet Kant von der Natur des Menschen, der Vernunft und einem (daraus resultierenden) rechtlich-gesetzmassigen Zustand ab, in den sich die Menschen begeben sollen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen Unterschiede und Verbindungen der Idee eines dauerhaften Friedens zwischen Staaten und innerhalb eines Staates naher untersucht werden. Es scheint sich dabei namlich ein Widerspruch - wenn man, wie Kant, eine grundlegende Parallelitat zwischen Mensch und Staat annimmt - zwischen der absoluten Freiheits- und Souveranitatsversicherung Kants fur Staaten und seiner gleichzeitigen Forderung einer Unterordnung der Menschen in einem Staat unter eine oberste Gesetzes-Gewalt zu ergeben. Daher soll die zentrale Frage dieser Arbeit wie folgt lauten: Wenn die, unter Umstanden zwingende Gewalt eines obersten Gesetzes, die in einem gesetzmassig verfassten Staat notig ist, um den kriegsahnlichen Naturzustand der Menschen in diesem so aufzulosen und einen inneren Frieden auf Dauer zu wahren, nicht auch zwischen Staaten als zwingend betrachtet wird, wie soll dann ein ahnlich dauerhafter Friedenszustand, ein ewiger Friede', zwischen Staaten moglich sein, und Wirklichkeit werde