The concept of National Systems of Innovation was introduced as a method to describe the various elements which contribute to innovation performance and their interaction. Most analyses refer to the description of the structures of specific countries, whereas the comparison of different countries generally fails due to the inconsistency of information sources or the lack of specific data. In this book, the innovation structures of a broad set of countries are compared on the basis of various indicators. In particular, the topics of public and private R+D and their internationalisation, of scientific and technological performance, of innovation activities in manufacturing and services, of foreign trade, of technology-based start-ups, and ICT infrastructure are examined in detail. A further relevant area of investigation is higher education and highly skilled employment, and finally trends in innovation policy are presented in an international comparison.

This handbook offers a state-of-the-art overview of quantitative science and technology research. It focuses on the development and application of indicators derived from data on scientific or scholarly publications and patents. It comprises 34 chapters written by leading specialists in the various sub-domains. These chapters deal with theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, and highlight their policy context and relevance. Authors present a survey of the research topics they address, and show their most recent achievements. The 34 chapters are arranged into 5 parts: Disciplinary Approaches; General Methodology; The Science System; The Technology System; and The Science-Technology Interface. The Editor's Introduction provides a further specification of the handbook's scope and of the main topics addressed in its chapters. This handbook aims at four distinct groups of readers: - practitioners in the field of science and technology studies; - research students in this field; - scientists, scholars and technicians who are interested in a systematic, thorough analysis of their activities; - policy makers and administrators who wish to be informed about the potentialities and limitations of the various approaches and about their results.

The concept of National Systems of Innovation was introduced as a method to describe the various elements which contribute to innovation performance and their interaction. In this book, the innovation structures of a broad set of countries are compared. It provides more than a pure compilation of quantitative indicators for international benchmarking, supporting an appropriate interpretation of the referring results and suggesting relevant conclusions for innovation policy.

A more detailed understanding of the interaction between science and technology is necessary in order to develop appropriate tools for future R&D management and technology policy. The first part of this book describes the structure of the science/technology interface and analyses the role of science for the generation of new technologies and respective institutional problems. The second part examines the challenges to R&D management and appropriate management tools from the perspective of industrial enterprises. Part III documents the results of two field studies in the science-intensive areas of medical lasers and neural networks. The major aim of the book is to bring together the variety of different approaches from an academic and industrial perspective.

This handbook offers a state-of-the-art overview of quantitative science and technology research. It focuses on the development and application of indicators derived from data on scientific or scholarly publications and patents. It comprises 34 chapters written by leading specialists in the various sub-domains. These chapters deal with theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, and highlight their policy context and relevance. Authors present a survey of the research topics they address, and show their most recent achievements. The 34 chapters are arranged into 5 parts: Disciplinary Approaches; General Methodology; The Science System; The Technology System; and The Science-Technology Interface. The Editor's Introduction provides a further specification of the handbook's scope and of the main topics addressed in its chapters. This handbook aims at four distinct groups of readers: - practitioners in the field of science and technology studies; - research students in this field; - scientists, scholars and technicians who are interested in a systematic, thorough analysis of their activities; - policy makers and administrators who wish to be informed about the potentialities and limitations of the various approaches and about their results.

Die technologische Wettbewerbsfahigkeit eines Landes und seine Fahigkeit, mit Hilfe neuer Techniken LOsungsbeitrage fUr gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeiten wie z. B. Um weltschutz, Gesundheit und Erhaltung der Lebensgrundlagen bereitzustellen, bangt in hohem MaBe von seinem Forschungssystem abo Es gehort zu den Verdiensten von Christopher Freeman, seit langem zu betonen, daB neben den finanziellen Aufwendun gen fUr Forschung und industrielle Entwicklung auch der Aufbau und die Struktur des Forschungssystems die technologische Leistungsfabigkeit eines Landes bestimmen. Bisherige Ansatze beschrankten sich hauptsachlich auf institutionelle Aspekte, z. B. die Verflechtung zwischen Hochschulen, staatlichen Forschungseinrichtungen und indu strieller Forschung und Entwicklung, den ProzeB des Wissenstransfers und die Mog lichkeiten einer besseren Vemetzung. Neuere Ansatze versuchen auch die funktionalen Zusammenhange von Grundlagenforschung und Technik zu erfassen. Dies ist ein weit gehend unerschlossenes Forschungsgebiet, das groBen praktischen Nutzen fUr das staatliche und industrielle Forschungsmanagement verspricht, aber erst am Beginn sei ner theoretischen, methodischen und empirischen Fundierung steht. Die wachsende Wissenschaftsbindung der technologischen Entwicklung wirft eine Reihe von Fragen an die Innovationsforschung auf, deren Beantwortung fUr Unter nehmen im Innovationswettbewerb, wie auch fUr die Gestaltung der Forschungs-und Technologiepolitik von groBer Bedeutung ist. Zur Diskussion dieser Fragen leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag, indem sie mit der Analyse der Nennung wissen schaftlicher Literatur in Patentschriften einen neuen methodischen Weg beschreitet."