On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), this book presents more than 50 chapters highlighting results of the institute s research.

The book provides an up-to-date, in-depth survey across the entire field of atmospheric science, including atmospheric dynamics, radiation, cloud physics, chemistry, climate, numerical simulation, remote sensing, instruments and measurements, as well as atmospheric acoustics.

The authors have provided a readily comprehensible and self-contained presentation of the complex field of atmospheric science. The topics are of direct relevance for aerospace science and technology. Future research challenges are identified."

Lightning represents a natural phenomenon of substantial interest. Due to its complex nature, research continues in many countries and reveals amazing results. Lightning is actively observed because of its relevance to Earth climate and air composition in addition to the classical aspects of related human fatalities and damage to forests, buildings, power lines, aircraft, structures and electronic devices. In this volume, the most important contemporary questions on lightning are addressed and analyzed under many experimental and theoretical aspects. Lightning detection techniques using ground-based and space-borne methods are described, along with network engineering and statistical analysis. Contributions detail research on atmospheric electricity, cloud physics, lightning physics, modeling of electrical storms and middle atmospheric events. Special phenomena such as triggered lightning and sprite observations are examined. Lightning-induced nitrogen oxides and their effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate are discussed. Each topic is presented by international experts in the field. Topics include: * air chemistry * convective storms * infrasound from lightning * lightning and climate change * lightning and precipitation * lightning and radiation * lightning and supercells * lightning and thunderstorms * lightning detection * lightning from space * lighting protection * lightning return strokes * observations and interpretations * spatial distribution and frequency * triggered lightning * weather extremes

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), this book presents more than 50 chapters highlighting results of the institute's research.The book provides an up-to-date, in-depth survey across the entire field of atmospheric science, including atmospheric dynamics, radiation, cloud physics, chemistry, climate, numerical simulation, remote sensing, instruments and measurements, as well as atmospheric acoustics. The authors have provided a readily comprehensible and self-contained presentation of the complex field of atmospheric science. The topics are of direct relevance for aerospace science and technology. Future research challenges are identified.

This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the Eighth Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows held at the Technical University of Munich, 9-11 September 1991. The first of these biennial international symposia was held at the Pennsylvania State Uni versity, USA, in 1977; subsequent symposia have been held at Imperial College, London, England; the University of California, Davis, USA; the University of Karlsruhe, Ger many; Cornell University, Ithaca, USA; the Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; and Stanford University, California, USA. The purpose of this series of symposia is to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of new developments in the field of turbulence, especially as related to shear flows of importance in engineering and geo physics. From the 330 extended abstracts submitted for this symposium, 145 papers were presented orally and 60 as posters. Out of these, we have selected twenty-four papers for inclusion in this volume, each of which has been revised and extended in accordance with the editors' recommendations. The following four theme areas were selected after consideration of the quality of the contributions, the importance of the area, and the selection made in earlier volumes: - wall flows, - separated flows, - compressibility effects, - buoyancy, rotation, and curvature effects. As in the past, each section corresponding to the above areas begins with an introduction by an authority in the field that places the individual contributions in context with one another and with related research.

Lightning represents a natural phenomenon of substantial interest. Due to its complex nature, research continues in many countries and reveals amazing results. Lightning is actively observed because of its relevance to Earth climate and air composition in addition to the classical aspects of related human fatalities and damage to forests, buildings, power lines, aircraft, structures and electronic devices. In this volume, the most important contemporary questions on lightning are addressed and analyzed under many experimental and theoretical aspects. Lightning detection techniques using ground-based and space-borne methods are described, along with network engineering and statistical analysis. Contributions detail research on atmospheric electricity, cloud physics, lightning physics, modeling of electrical storms and middle atmospheric events. Special phenomena such as triggered lightning and sprite observations are examined. Lightning-induced nitrogen oxides and their effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate are discussed. Each topic is presented by international experts in the field. Topics include: * air chemistry * convective storms * infrasound from lightning * lightning and climate change * lightning and precipitation * lightning and radiation * lightning and supercells * lightning and thunderstorms * lightning detection * lightning from space * lighting protection * lightning return strokes * observations and interpretations * spatial distribution and frequency * triggered lightning * weather extremes

The strong and continuing increase in airtraffic, the plans to build supersonicair craftsand hypersonicspace-transportsystems, the developments ofhydrogentech nology, andthe generalconcern onglobalchangeshave raised questionson effects of emissions from air traffic on the environment and especially the atmosphere aboveand shortlybelowthe tropopause. What are the consequences of watervap our emissions on the formation of high clouds and global c1imate?What are the possibleeffectsofemissions on the ozonelayerin the stratosphere and uppertro posphere?Which technological developments can help to reducethe emissions? These questions get increasing attention in the public. Some previous meetings of scientific experts have shown that the topic is of high interest but most questions cannot be answered yet to asufficientdegree. More research is necessaryand the topic requires interdisciplinarycooperation. Moreover, there is a need to document the basic knowledge required to assess possible consequences of increasing and changingtraffic. With respect to possible global changes, airtraffic at cruising alti tude seemsto have the mostimportantinnuence and itbecomes necessaryto con sidertechnological alternatives. The German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) has initiated aseries of seminars on fundamental problems ofsciences inwhich DLR is envolved. Previous seminarsconsidered: 1984 NonlinearDynamicsofTranscritical Flows 1985 UncertaintyandControl 1986 Artificial Intelligenceand Man-Machine-Systems 1987 Parallel Computing in Science and Engineering 1988 HydrocarbonOxidation 1989 Optlmizatlon, Methods and Applications, Possibilities andLimitations This bookcontainsten paperswhichhad been preparedfor presentationatthe 1990 DLR-Seminaron AirTrafficand the Environment- Background, Tendencies and Potential Global AtmosphericEffects. At the seminar, an additional paper is to be presented by Dr. Dieter H. Ehhalt."

This volume contains papers presented to a EUROMECH-Colloquium held in Munich, September 30 to October 2, 1985. The Colloquium is number 199 in a series of colloquia inaugurated by the European Mechanics Committee. The meeting was jointly organized by the 'Lehrstuhl fur Stromungsmechanik' at the 'Technische Universitat Munchen' and the 'Institut fur Physik der Atmosphare' of the 'Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- und Raumfahrt' (DFVLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen. 'Direct' and 'large eddy simulation' are terms which denote two closely con- nected methods of turbulence research. In a 'direct simulation' (DS), turbu- lent motion is simulated by numerically integrating the Navier-Stokes equations in three-dimensional space and as a function of time. Besides ini- tial and boundary conditions no physical simplifications are involved. Com- puter resources limit the resolution in time and space, though simulations with an order of one million discrete points in space are feasible. The simu- lated flow fields can be considered as true realizations of turbulent flow fields and analysed to answer questions on the basic behaviour of turbulence. Direct simulations are valid as long as all the excited scales remain within the band of resolved scales. This means that viscosity must be strong enough to damp out the not resolved scales or the simulation is restricted to a lim- ited integration-time interval only. In summary, DS provides a tool to investigate turbulent motions from first principles at least for a finite band of scales.

1. NATUR-UND SOZIALVERTRAGLICHKEIT VON TECHNIK: GLEICHGERICHTETE POLITISCHE ZIELE 3 2. ERHEBUNGSMETHODEN 15 3. DIE OKOLOGISCHE VERANTWORTBARKEIT ALS MAXIME MENSCHLICHEN HANDELNS 33 4. OKONOMIE UND NATUR: KEIN GRUNDSATZLICHER WIDER- SPRUCH 58 5. BESCHREIBUNG UND ABBILDUNG DES SPANNUNGSFELDES GESELLSCHAFTLICHER ZIELGROSSEN: KRITERIEN ZUR SOZIALVERTRAGLICHKEIT, OKOLOGISCHEN VER- ANTWORTBARKEIT UND WIRTSCHAFTLICHKEIT 82 6. OKOLOGISCHE VERANTWORTBARKEIT ALS VORRANGIGES GESELLSCHAFTLICHES ZIEL 117 7. DIE ANALYSE DER ZIELBEZIEHUNGEN 133 8. MIKROELEKTRONIK - EINE TECHNIK VERANDERT LEBENS- UND ARBEITSWELT 162 9. TECHNIKBEURTEILUNG IM BETRIEBLICHEN ALLTAG 206 10. GRUPPENSPEZIFISCHE AUSWERTUNGEN DES EXPERTENDELPHIS 230 11. MIKROELEKTRONIK IM NUTZFAHRZEUG: EIN BEISPIEL FOR TECHNIKBEURTEILUNG AN EINEM KONSTRUIERTEN FALLBEISPIEL 264 12. DIE EIGNUNG VON INSTRUMENTEN UND IHRE VERMITTLUNG IN DER TECHNIKBEURTEILUNG 292 13. HANDLUNGSFELDER FOR EINE ZIELORIENTIERTE TECHNIK- GESTALTUNG 297 14. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN 316 I N HAL T S V E R Z E I C H N I S ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS XIII TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XVI VORBEMERKUNG 1 1. NATUR-UND SOZIALVERTRAGLICHKEIT VON TECHNIK: GLEICHGERICHTETE POLITISCHE ZIELE 3 1. 1 Politisch-wissenschaftlicher Diskurs als Ausgangslage 3 1. 2 Aufgabe und Ziel der Studie: Analyse der Interdependenzen zwischen Sozialvertraglichkeit, Okologischer Verantwortbarkeit und Wirtscha- lichkeit 6 1. 3 Arbeitsablauf 10 1. 4 Berichtsaufbau 12 2. ERHEBUNGSMETHODEN 15 2. 1 Zur methodischen Anlage der Studie: Methodenmix 15 2. 2 Delphimethode zur Erfassung von Meinungen und Einschatzungen 17 2. 2. 1 Methodische Erlauterungen zum Expertendelphi 17 2. 2. 2 Oberblick uber die Fragestellungen des Expertendelphis 19 2. 2. 3 Auswahl der Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen 22 2.