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The Economic Research Service (ERS) is part of the U.S. Department
of Agricultural (USDA). Its focus is to analyze and distribute
economic information and research. Their results provide decision
makers the information they need to run business, create policies
and understand the farm, rural and food economy. Total citrus
production forecast to remain stable in 2012/13.
The mission of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to safeguard the health of
low-income women, infants, and children through age 4 who are at
nutritional risk. WIC provides nutritious foods to supplement
diets, nutrition education, and referrals to health care and other
social services. Administered by USDA's Food and Nutrition Service
(FNS), almost half of all infants and about a quarter of all
children ages 1-4 in the United States participate in the program.
WIC is USDA's third-largest food and nutrition assistance program,
accounting for 10 percent of total Federal spending on food and
nutrition assistance. This report describes the WIC program-how it
works, its history, program trends, and the characteristics of the
population it serves. It also examines current issues facing WIC,
focusing mainly on those with important economic implications.
Evaluation of publicly funded research can help provide
accountability and prioritize programs. In addition, Federal
intramural research planning generally involves an institutional
assessment of the appropriate Federal role, if any, and whether the
research should be left to others, such as universities or the
private sector. Many methods of evaluation are available, peer
review-used primarily for establishing scientific merit-being the
most common. Economic analysis focuses on quantifying ultimate
research outcomes, whether measured in goods with market prices or
in nonmarket goods such as environmental quality or human health.
However, standard economic techniques may not be amenable for
evaluating some important public research priorities or for
institutional assessments. This report reviews quantitative methods
and applies qualitative economic reasoning and stakeholder
interviewing methods to the evaluation of economic benefits of
Federal intramural research using three case studies of research
conducted by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS).
Differences among the case studies highlight the need to select
suitable assessment techniques from available methodologies, the
limited scope for comparing assessment results across programs, and
the inherent difficulty in quantifying benefits in some research
areas. When measurement and attribution issues make it difficult to
quantify these benefits, the report discusses how qualitative
insights based on economic concepts can help research
prioritization.
U.S. dairy production is consolidating into fewer but larger farms.
This report uses data from several USDA surveys to detail that
consolidation and to analyze the financial drivers of
consolidation. Specifically, larger farms realize lower production
costs. Although small dairy farms realize higher revenue per
hundredweight of milk sold, the cost advantages of larger size
allow large farms to be profitable, on average, even while most
small farms are unable to earn enough to replace their capital.
Further survey evidence, as well as the financial data, suggest
that consolidation is likely to continue.
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