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A striking first-person account of the Cultural Revolution in Inner
Mongolia, embedded in a close examination of the historical
evidence on China’s minority nationality policies to the present.
During the Great Leap Forward, as hundreds of thousands of
Chinese famine refugees headed to Inner Mongolia, Cheng Tiejun
arrived in 1959 as a middle school student. In 1966, when the PRC
plunged into the Cultural Revolution, he joined the Red Guards just
as Inner Mongolia’s longtime leader, Ulanhu, was purged. With the
military in control, and with deepening conflict with the Soviet
Union and its ally Mongolia on the border, Mongols were accused of
being nationalists and traitors. A pogrom followed, taking more
than 16,000 Mongol lives, the heaviest toll anywhere in China. At
the heart of this book are Cheng’s first-person recollections of
his experiences as a rebel. These are complemented by a close
examination of the documentary record of the era from the three
coauthors. The final chapter offers a theoretical framework for
Inner Mongolia’s repression. The repression’s goal, the authors
show, was not to destroy the Mongols as a people or as a
culture—it was not a genocide. It was, however, a
“politicide,” an attempt to break the will of a nationality to
exercise leadership of their autonomous region. This unusual
narrative provides urgently needed primary source material to
understand the events of the Cultural Revolution, while also
offering a novel explanation of contemporary Chinese
minority politics involving the Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Mongols.
A striking first-person account of the Cultural Revolution in Inner
Mongolia, embedded in a close examination of the historical
evidence on China’s minority nationality policies to the present.
During the Great Leap Forward, as hundreds of thousands of
Chinese famine refugees headed to Inner Mongolia, Cheng Tiejun
arrived in 1959 as a middle school student. In 1966, when the PRC
plunged into the Cultural Revolution, he joined the Red Guards just
as Inner Mongolia’s longtime leader, Ulanhu, was purged. With the
military in control, and with deepening conflict with the Soviet
Union and its ally Mongolia on the border, Mongols were accused of
being nationalists and traitors. A pogrom followed, taking more
than 16,000 Mongol lives, the heaviest toll anywhere in China. At
the heart of this book are Cheng’s first-person recollections of
his experiences as a rebel. These are complemented by a close
examination of the documentary record of the era from the three
coauthors. The final chapter offers a theoretical framework for
Inner Mongolia’s repression. The repression’s goal, the authors
show, was not to destroy the Mongols as a people or as a
culture—it was not a genocide. It was, however, a
“politicide,” an attempt to break the will of a nationality to
exercise leadership of their autonomous region. This unusual
narrative provides urgently needed primary source material to
understand the events of the Cultural Revolution, while also
offering a novel explanation of contemporary Chinese
minority politics involving the Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Mongols.
With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection
of annual data on China’s 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book
that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood,
agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture,
sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This
material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of
great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and
news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic
group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered
alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the
data are as of 2011 – the latest year when our research was
conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of
indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series
comparisons and analyses.
With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of
annual data on China's 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that
profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood,
agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture,
sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This
material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of
great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and
news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic
group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered
alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the
data are as of 2011 - the latest year when our research was
conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of
indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series
comparisons and analyses.
The fall of empires and the rise of nation-states was a defining
political transition in the making of the modern world. As United
States imperialism becomes a popular focus of debate, we must
understand how empire, the nineteenth century's dominant form of
large-scale political organization, had disappeared by the end of
the twentieth century. Here, ten prominent specialists discuss the
empire-to-nation transition in comparative perspective. Chapters on
Latin America, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia, and China
illustrate both the common features and the diversity of the
transition. Questioning the sharpness of the break implied by the
empire/nation binary, the contributors explore the many ways in
which empires were often nation-like and nations behaved
imperially. While previous studies have focused on the rise and
fall of empires or on nationalism and the process of
nation-building, this intriguing volume concentrates on the
empire-to-nation transition itself. Understanding this transition
allows us to better interpret the contemporary political order and
new forms of global hegemony.
Cosmopolitanism and friendship have become key themes for
understanding ethnicity and nationalism. In this deeply original
study of the Mongols, leading scholar Uradyn E. Bulag draws on
these themes to develop a new concept he terms "collaborative
nationalism." He uses this concept to explore the paradoxical
dilemma of minorities in China as they fight not against being
excluded but against being embraced too tightly in the bonds of
"friendship." Going beyond traditional binary relationships, he
offers a unique triangular perspective that illuminates the
complexity of regional interaction. Thus, Collaborative Nationalism
traces the regional and global significance of the Mongols in the
fierce competition among China, Japan, Mongolia, and Russia to
appropriate the Mongol heritage to buttress their own national
identities. The book considers a rich array of case studies that
range from Chinggis Khan to reincarnate lamas, from cadres to
minority revolutionary history, and from building the Mongolian
working class to interethnic adoption. So-called friendship and
collaboration permeate all of these arenas, but Bulag digs below
the surface to focus on the animosity and conflicts they both
generate and mask. Weighing the options the Mongols face, he argues
that the ethnopolitical is not so much about identity as it is
about the capacity of an ethnic group to decide and organize its
own vision of itself, both within its community and in relation to
other groups. Nationalism, he contends, is collaborative at the
same time that it is predicated on the pursuit of sovereignty.
This important study explores the multifaceted Mongol experience in
China, past and present. Combining insights from anthropology,
history, and postcolonial criticism, Uradyn Bulag avoids
romanticizing Mongols either as pacified primitive Other or as
gallant resistance fighters. Rather, he portrays them as a people
whose communist background and standing in China's northern
borderlands has informed their political efforts to harness or
confront Chinese nationalistic and political hegemony. Breaking new
ground in the study of Chinese and Mongol history and ethnicity,
the author offers a fresh interpretation of China viewed from the
perspective of its peripheries, and of minority nationalities in
relation to the study of Chinese representation and minority
self-representation. The author interrogates received wisdom about
Chinese and minority nationalism by unraveling the Chinese
discourse and practice of 'national unity.' He shows how the
discourse was constructed over time through political rituals and
sexuality in relation to Mongols and other non-Chinese peoples that
hark back to Chinese-Xiongnu confrontations two millennia ago and
Manchu conquest in the 17th and 18th centuries. Titular rulers of
an autonomous region in which they constitute a minority, Mongols
face enormous barriers in building and maintaining a socialist
Mongolian nationality and a Mongolian language and culture.
Acknowledging these difficulties, Bulag discusses a range of
sensitive issues including the imbrication of nation, class, and
ethnicity in the context of Mongol-Chinese relations, tensions
inherent in writing a postrevolutionary history for a socialist
nationality, and the moral dilemma of building a socialist model
with Mongol characteristics. Charting the interface between a
state-centered multinational Chinese polity and a primordial
nationalist multiculturalism that aims to manage minority
nationalities as 'cultures, ' he explores Mongol ethnopolitical
strategies to preserve their heritage.
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