Development and status of landscape ecology - subject of this book During the last decades, landscape ecology has developed tremendously. It concerns both the theoretical basis and practical application. The roots of landscape ecology are geography and biology. The term "landscape ecology" was first coined by the German scientist Carl Troll in 1939. unce, the devel opment center of landscape ecology was in Central Europe. Recently, also other parts of the world became powernd centers of landscape ecology, es pecially Northern America. American approaches partly differ essentially from the European, because they are focused esp. on biogeography and population dynamics. In Europe, however, the geographical roots of land scape ecology playamajor role. Landscape is defined as a complex of abiotic, biotic and human components. Mainly due to linguistic barriers, the international discussion does not take notice of approaches and experiences from non-anglophone countries in a sufficient manner. Therefore this book considers more the German and European views on landscape ecology than the books which were published before. It tries to bridge the gaps between theory and practice of landscape ecology, as well between the Ger manlEuropean and American approach es. The book gives a fundamental representation of landscape ecology, which proves to be a young, but an interesting and very important transdisci plinary science for the solution of environmental problems. Both the theo retical basis and practical application of landscape ecology are considered."

The book's aim is to present recommendations for sustainable land use and management. The authors follow a hierarchical approach that is inherent in landscape structures and processes as well as in planning practice. During the last decades, landscape ecology has developed tremendously. Future research tendencies are also covered. All methodological approaches are explained with examples from different regions.

Development and status of landscape ecology - subject of this book During the last decades, landscape ecology has developed tremendously. It concerns both the theoretical basis and practical application. The roots of landscape ecology are geography and biology. The term "landscape ecology" was first coined by the German scientist Carl Troll in 1939. unce, the devel opment center of landscape ecology was in Central Europe. Recently, also other parts of the world became powernd centers of landscape ecology, es pecially Northern America. American approaches partly differ essentially from the European, because they are focused esp. on biogeography and population dynamics. In Europe, however, the geographical roots of land scape ecology playamajor role. Landscape is defined as a complex of abiotic, biotic and human components. Mainly due to linguistic barriers, the international discussion does not take notice of approaches and experiences from non-anglophone countries in a sufficient manner. Therefore this book considers more the German and European views on landscape ecology than the books which were published before. It tries to bridge the gaps between theory and practice of landscape ecology, as well between the Ger manlEuropean and American approach es. The book gives a fundamental representation of landscape ecology, which proves to be a young, but an interesting and very important transdisci plinary science for the solution of environmental problems. Both the theo retical basis and practical application of landscape ecology are considered."

During the last decades, landscape ecology has developed tremendously. It concerns both the theoretical basis and practical application. The authors follow a hierarchical approach that is inherent in landscape structures and processes as well as in planning practice. They show first approaches for the inclusion of factors of the landscape balance into planning procedures and new methods (GIS-coupled modeling, remote sensing) combined with more classical approaches from the basis of landscape assessment. Approaches for multicriterial landscape assessments are also presented. The overall target is to give recommendations for sustainable landuse and management. Each chapter concludes with a synthesis of the theme under discussion. Ideas concerning the state of the art are integrated as well as future trends in research. All methodological approaches are explained, with examples from differing regions.

Towards the end of the fifties methods for planning, scheduling, and control of proj ects were developed on the basis that the evolution of a project can be associated with a special weighted directed graph, called activity network. In this association, the individual activities of the project correspond to the arcs, the so-called proj ect events (beginning or termination of activities) correspond to the nodes, and the durations of the activities correspond to the weights of the respective arcs of the directed graph. 1) Contiguous arcs are assigned to activities which succeed one another immediately. The event corresponding to a node occurs exactly at the time at which all activities which are associated with the arcs leading into the node are terminated. After the occurrence of an event all those activities are be gun which correspond to the arcs emanating from the respective node. This implies especially that the evolution of the project has to be uniquely determined before hand, that every activity and every event are realized exactly once during the exe cution of the project, and that "feedback" (corresponding to cycles in the asso ciated network) is not permitted. Many projects, for example most R&D projects and projects in the area of production p 1 anni ng, do not sa ti sfy the foregoi ng res tri cti ons."

In diesem in 2. Auflage vorliegenden Lehrbuch stellt das Autorenteam Landschafts kologie als eine interdisziplin re Arbeitsrichtung vor, die sich der Untersuchung des aktuellen Landschaftshaushaltes widmet und Prognosen f r dessen zuk nftige Entwicklung erstellt. Der Zusammenhang von Struktur und Dynamik in der Landschaft wird an Beispielen demonstriert. Das Buch vermittelt die Problematik der Landschaftsanalyse, -diagnose und -prognose. F r praktische Anwendungen in der Landschaftsplanung und im Naturschutz ist es ein wichtiges Nachschlagewerk.

Bereits im Titel "Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsokologie" werden zwei Be griffe verwendet, uber deren Definition und Bedeutung in der Fachliteratur teil weise kontrovers diskutiert wird. Zum Begriff sowie zu Methoden der Regionali sierung sind in diesem Band zahlreiche Beitrage zusammengestellt, so dass an die ser Stelle darauf nicht eingegangen werden soll. Angesichts der interdisziplinaren Zusammensetzung dieser Wissenschaftsdisziplin, wird die Landschaftsokologie zu einem schillernden Begriff mit vielfaltigen Inhalten. Beispiele hierfur geben die folgenden Definitionen: "Landscape ecology is a young branch of modern ecology that dealth with the interrelationship between man and his open and built up landscapes . . . . . . . . . La- scape ecology evolved in central Europe as a result of the holistic approach ad opted by geographers, ecologists, landscape planners, designers, and managers in their attempt to bridge the gap between natural, agricultural, human, and urban systems. "( NAVEH UND LIEBERMANN 1994) "Landschaftsokologie ist der Fachbereich, der sich mit den Wechselwirkungen der Faktoren des Landschaftsokosystems beschaftigt. . . . . . . Die Vielfalt der - trachtungs- und Untersuchungsaspekte der Landschaft wird von verschiedenen Fachbereichen erforscht. Diese Fachbereiche haben unterschiedliche Interes senspharen und konnen deswegen, wie auch aus methodischen Grunden, immer nur mehr oder weniger umfassende Teilausschnitte des Landschaftsokosystems untersuchen. " (LESER 1991) "Landscape ecology explores how a heterogeneous combination of ecosystem- such as woods, meadows, marshes, corridors and villages -is structured, functi ons, and changes."