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Ideocracies, or ideological dictatorships, such as the "Third
Reich", the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China have,
much more than any other kinds of autocracy, characterized the
history of the 20th century. Despite their undeniable loss of
significance, ideocracies have not disappeared from the world in
the 21st century. This book explores the functioning of ideocracies
and analyses the typical interplay of legitimation, co-optation and
repression which autocratic elites use in an attempt to stabilize
their rule. In the first part of the book, the contributors discuss
the conceptual history of the ideocracy notion. The second part
offers case studies pertaining to the Soviet State, Italy, the
National Socialist Regime, the German Democratic Republic, the
People's Republic of China, North Korea and Cuba. Finally, the
third part compares various ideocracies and draws together key
themes. Uniting the perspectives of history, philosophy and
political science through the use of case studies and systematic
comparisons, this book offers a unique examination of ideocracies
both past and present which will be of interest to students and
scholars researching political regimes, political history and
comparative politics, as well as other disciplines.
The Western tradition of the constitutional state, with its ancient
roots, defines political extremes as the epitome of that what must
be absolutely rejected. It highlights tyranny, despotism, despotic
rule, non-autonomy, ruthless enforcing of interests as 'extreme',
contrasting this to a virtuous mean which guarantees moderation. In
this volume, the culmination of twenty years of extensive research,
Uwe Backes provides a conceptual history of the notions "extreme"
and "extremism" from antiquity to the present day. The
terminological history of political extremes had been related for
more then two millennia with the term mesotes used in the
Aristotelian ethics and the theory of mixed constitution. Both
doctrines influenced the republicanism of the North Italian city
states and later the United States of America as well as British
parliamentarism. The positions of moderation and extremes were not
joined until the course of the French Revolution with the
distinction of right- and left-wing, and this is how it still
exists today in the intellectual-political geography. This unique
source based study reconstructs these developments from ancient
times to the present. Tracing the history of the concept of
political extremism from Ancient Greece to the present day, this is
an invaluable resource for scholars of democracy, extremism and
political sociology.
The Western tradition of the constitutional state, with its
ancient roots, defines political extremes as the epitome of that
what must be absolutely rejected. It highlights tyranny, despotism,
despotic rule, non-autonomy, ruthless enforcing of interests as
extreme, contrasting this to a virtuous mean which guarantees
moderation. In this volume, the culmination of twenty years of
extensive research, Uwe Backes provides a conceptual history of the
notions "extreme" and "extremism" from antiquity to the present
day.
The terminological history of political extremes had been
related for more then two millennia with the term mesot?'s used in
the Aristotelian ethics and the theory of mixed constitution. Both
doctrines influenced the republicanism of the North Italian city
states and later the United States of America as well as British
parliamentarism. The positions of moderation and extremes were not
joined until the course of the French Revolution with the
distinction of right- and left-wing, and this is how it still
exists today in the intellectual-political geography. This unique
source based study reconstructs these developments from ancient
times to the present.
Tracing the history of the concept of political extremism from
Ancient Greece to the present day, this is an invaluable resource
for scholars of democracy, extremism and political sociology.
Ideocracies, or ideological dictatorships, such as the "Third
Reich", the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China have,
much more than any other kinds of autocracy, characterized the
history of the 20th century. Despite their undeniable loss of
significance, ideocracies have not disappeared from the world in
the 21st century. This book explores the functioning of ideocracies
and analyses the typical interplay of legitimation, co-optation and
repression which autocratic elites use in an attempt to stabilize
their rule. In the first part of the book, the contributors discuss
the conceptual history of the ideocracy notion. The second part
offers case studies pertaining to the Soviet State, Italy, the
National Socialist Regime, the German Democratic Republic, the
People's Republic of China, North Korea and Cuba. Finally, the
third part compares various ideocracies and draws together key
themes. Uniting the perspectives of history, philosophy and
political science through the use of case studies and systematic
comparisons, this book offers a unique examination of ideocracies
both past and present which will be of interest to students and
scholars researching political regimes, political history and
comparative politics, as well as other disciplines.
This work deals not only with the well-organized right extremism in
modern Europe as well as with its function in proper political
parties, but equally includes two additional, broader approaches:
the militant branches and subcultures that exist, including some
paramilitary phenomena in Eastern Europe; and the broad realm of
their political ideas and cultural trends and the influence they
exert on European political culture. German description: Hier
werden in mehrfacher Hinsicht neue Akzente gesetzt: Erstens sind
alle Beitrage vergleichend angelegt und uberschreiten den
nationalen Rahmen. Zweitens ist das ostliche Europa in etwa
gleichgewichtig vertreten, obwohl die Forschungslage weit
ungunstiger ist als fur das westliche. Drittens behandelt der Band
nicht nur den parteiformig organisierten Rechtsextremismus und das
damit verbundene Wahlgeschehen, sondern bezieht zum einen militante
Szenen und Subkulturen einschliealich mancher paramilitarischer
Erscheinungen im ostlichen Europa, zum anderen das weite Feld
politischer Ideen und kultureller Trends und ihren Einfluss auf die
europaische politische Kultur mit ein auch hier wiederum in
vergleichender und Landergrenzen uberschreitender Anlage.
The focus of the volume is the question of the continuity and
change of party-shaped, formerly Moscow-oriented communism after
the demise of "real socialism". The European countries, which were
formerly dominated by the respective Communist parties as
monopolistic state parties, are treated in the same way as the
states in which nolens volens-oriented organizations based on state
socialism acted within a pluralistic party landscape. The
consideration of both areas should initiate comparative
considerations and contribute to a better understanding of the role
of the corresponding formations in the respective party systems.
Bei dieser Schrift handelt es sich um den uberarbeiteten und stark
erweiterten Text zweier offentlicher Vortrage, die im
Sommersemester 1998 im Rahmen der Otto-von-Freising-Gastprofessur
der Katholischen Universitat Eichstatt gehalten wurden. Der
Verfasser sagt der Geschichts-und Gesellschaftswissen schaftlichen
Fakultat der Katholischen Universitat Eichstatt rur die ehrenvolle
Einladung zur Wahrnehmung des Stiftungslehrstuhls seinen herzlichen
Dank. In Diskussionen im Anschluss an beide Vortrage habe ich
zahlreiche wertvolle Hinweise erhalten. Fur Anregung und Kritik bin
ich besonders Karl Graf Ballestrem, Heinz Hurten, Eckhard Jesse,
Jens Luedtke, Leonid Luks, Ferdi nand Kramer, Klaus Schubert und
Bernhard Sutor zu Dank verpflichtet. Mogliche Irrtumer hat allein
der Verfasser zu verantworten. Creussen, im Septer ber 1998 Uwe
Backes Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Einflihrung . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I.
Verfassungsschutz und tyrannische Herrschaft bei Aristoteles . . .
7 H. Autokratischer Staatsschutz seit Machiavelli . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 11 III. Herausbildung einer liberalen
Verfassungsschutzkonzeption . . . . 15 IV. Republikschutz in
Weimar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 V.
"Streitbare Demokratie" in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . . . 37
VI. Sieben Saulen des Staatsschutzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 55 Literaturverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Einfuhrung "Staatsschutz" -
"Republikschutz" - "Verfassungsschutz" - "Demokratie schutz" . Von
den vier Formeln hat in unserer Zeit nur die letzte einen hellen,
von semantischen Dissonanzen freien Klang. Im 20. Jahrhundert ist
das altgriechische Wort von der "Volksherrschaft" so sehr zum
Synonym alles politisch Guten und Wunschenswerten geworden, dass
ihm auch der zweite Bestandteil des Kompositums, der immerhin so
unheilvolle Assoziationen wie "Schutzstaffel" wachruft, anscheinend
nichts anhaben kann."
I. Untersuchungsgegenstand und Problematik "Indessen ist zu
erkennen, dass trotz des reichlich hervorgebrachten Schrifttums zum
Thema Extremismus elementare Aufgaben, deren Losung eigentlich zu
den allerer sten Schritten bei der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung
des Gebietes hatten gehoren 1 mussen, noch nicht gelost waren."
Diese Klage der Meinungsforscher Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann und Erp
Ring, 1984 im Rahmen einer Untersuchung zum, Extremismus-Potential
unter jungen Leuten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland" vorgetragen,
hat ihre volle Berechtigung. Sie betrifft die herrschende Unklameit
und Verunsicherung im Hinblick auf jene theoretischen Grundlagen,
die der empirischen Untersuchung dringend bedurfen, sollen sie
nicht im "luftleeren Raum" operieren. Der hochst unbefriedigende
Kenntnisstand wird durch nichts augenfalliger doku mentiert als
durch die verwirrende Vielfalt der Extremismusbegriffe: Handelt es
sich um einen heuristisch wertlosen Terminus aus dem Arsenal
politischer 2 "Kampfbegriffe," oder taugt er auch zur
wissenschaftlichen Analyse? Ist er Ausfluss 3 juristischer
Dogmatik, oder eignet er sich als terminologisches Werkzeug des
Sozi alforschers? Lassen sich "linke" und "rechte" Phanomene unter
dieser Sammelbe zeichnung sinnvoll zusammenfassen, oder verlauft
die "eigentliche" Grenze zwi 4 schen "antidemokratischen" und
"antikapitalistischen" Positionen? Wohnt dem Be griff, Jediglich
eine fallzentrierte, wertungsabhangige Strukturfestigkeit"5 inne,
oder besitzt er eine Bedeutung, die die Grenzen politischer Raume
und Epochen uber schreitet? - Fragen, die einer zusammenhangenden
Beantwortung harren."
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