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The chemical, physical and physicochemical processes that are at
work in the depths of the Earth, both connected and unconnected
with man's activities and coupled to the relevant properties and
characteristics of the rocks, began to be intensively studied in
the early decades of the present century. Until then little
evidence had been available concerning the physical and
physicochemical properties of rocks, and the data that existed were
one-sided and uncoordinated. Both in this country and elsewhere an
interest in investigating natural processes, the processes taking
place in rocks, and the properties and characteristics of rocks
arose as a result of the intensive development of oil and gas
engineering, the mining of coal and ore, the construction of large
projects, railroads, etc. Information on the properties of rocks
was needed, in particular, to facilitate progress in engineering,
technology, and geological and geophysical methods of prospecting
for extracting and processing mineral deposits. In the late 1920s
and early 1930s, methods involving intrinsic and induced pola
rization were introduced. Moreover, little information was
available concerning the petrophysical and petrochemical quantities
characterizing the different contribution of various rocks to
electrical processes. Electrical methods were followed by other
methods of applied physics based on the novel electrical, thermal,
magnetic, nuclear, elastic and other properties of rocks.
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