In the course of the research project Internal Conflicts and Transnational Consequences, the CSA has published eleven volumes. These books cover three internal conflicts in India and those in Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Each of the conflicts was studied in detail with the help of experts from different disciplines and different countries. This is the final volume of the Project which consolidates the studies done earlier, aims at crystallizing some useful lessons for the countries studied and also others who continue to have long running internal conflicts. The constraints in trying to resolve the conflicts by the states and addressing the nuances of the consequences are quite complex. This volume attempts to analyze these issues and helps in identifying positive and negative outcomes of the way different governing systems have addressed the conflicts. The study highlights the importance of not only understanding the major internal conflicts but also anticipating and identifying the problems and difficulties that arise from the consequences and throws up useful policy pointers.

In a new approach to conflict management and subsequent resolution, instead of focusing on the causes of the conflicts alone, Centre for Security Analysis (CSA) explored the consequences of the protracted conflicts Northeast of India, Jammu and Kashmir, Naxalism, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka to examine the way consequences undermine the states' efforts to bring stability, development and peace in the region. Six conflict specific studies done in the four countries established the need to analyze three major issues in greater detail ethnic/cultural identity, political management and economic factors. CSA engaged experts from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar to analyze as to how and what role the identity factor played out in each of the four countries and how their respective governments tried to politically manage the conflict and the consequences.

Against this backdrop, CSA in collaboration with Centre for South Asian Studies, Kathmandu organized a seminar Nepal as a Federal; State: Lessons from Indian Experience wherein different facets of federalism were explored by experts from India and Nepal. Indian Ambassador to Nepal Mr Jayant Prasad and Mr Rajendra Mahato, President Sadbhawana Party and Minister for Health and Population, Government of Nepal asserted the fact that federalism was necessary for economic prosperity and proportional development. Mr G K Pillai former Union Home Secretary gave an insightful talk on Indian experiences of Federalism. This volume will be of much interest to policy planners, academia and all those concerned with the on going political processes in Nepal.

In the case of Northeast India, a number of researchers were engaged to study different and multi-layered dynamics of the conflict and the consequences. This is the second book that encompasses the studies presented by many researchers on different facets of this conflict.

In a new approach to conflict management and subsequent resolution, instead of focusing on the causes of the conflicts alone, Centre for Security Analysis (CSA) explored the consequences of the protracted conflicts Northeast of India, Jammu and Kashmir, Naxalism, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka to examine the way consequences undermine the states' efforts to bring stability, development and peace in the region. Six conflict specific studies done in the four countries established the need to analyse three major issues in greater detail ethnic/cultural identity, political management and economic factors. CSA engaged experts from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar to analyse as to how and what role the identity factor played out in each of the four countries and how their respective governments tried to politically manage the conflict and the consequences.

Against this backdrop, CSA in collaboration with Centre for South Asian Studies, Kathmandu organized a seminar Nepal as a Federal; State: Lessons from Indian Experience wherein different facets of federalism were explored by experts from India and Nepal. Indian Ambassador to Nepal Mr Jayant Prasad and Mr Rajendra Mahato, President Sadbhawana Party and Minister for Health and Population, Government of Nepal asserted the fact that federalism was necessary for economic prosperity and proportional development. Mr G K Pillai former Union Home Secretary gave an insightful talk on Indian experiences of Federalism. This volume will be of much interest to policy planners, academia and all those concerned with the on going political processes in Nepal.

In the case of Northeast India, a number of researchers were engaged to study different and multi-layered dynamics of the conflict and the consequences. This is the second book that encompasses the studies presented by many researchers on different facets of this conflict.

The DPG was chosen as a research institution to assist in the deliberations of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, constituted by the Australian and Japanese governments. The support of the NTI to DPG's efforts has been immense and definitive. The first decade of 21st century has seen a resurgence of support for global nuclear disarmament. A cascade of nuclear disarmament proposal has emerged from different sources. India has consistently favored complete global nuclear disarmament, even as it laid the foundations of a nuclear energy programme. Notwithstanding the nuclear tests, Indian policy on global nuclear disarmament has not been disavowed. Global nuclear disarmament is closely linked to geo-political conditions. Unless such conditions are favourable, states are unlikely to take initiatives to either reduce or eliminate their nuclear weapons stockpiles. This book examines the geopolitical necessities which will encourage nuclear disarmament globally. It also contrasts them with the geopolitical realities currently prevailing which impact on nuclear disarmament. The papers in the book bring forth both the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead."

The problem in Jammu and Kashmir, having caused three major wars between India and Pakistan, has since late 1980's become a serious internal security problem. This is a politico-religious conflict reflecting elements of secession, self rule and greater economic control. Its effects are not only across the border but also global, with its potential to lead to war between two nuclear weapon states. The CSA study focuses on the consequences since causes remain historical while consequences are realities which societies and the government have to face. In long lasting internal conflicts, consequences tend to influence the conflict and even become the drivers of conflict. The generation which has been born and brought up facing the consequences also develops stakes in them. This volume focuses external and internal consequences of the conflict exploring the impact on governance, economy, interprovincial and interreligious relations, and specific segments of the society. It comprises of twelve research papers presented at the seminar held in Jammu in September 2010 in collaboration with the Department of Strategic and Regional Studies (DSRS), University of Jammu.

In the course of the research project Internal Conflicts and Transnational Consequences, the CSA has published eleven volumes. These books cover three internal conflicts in India and those in Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Each of the conflict was studied in detail with the help of experts from different disciplines and different countries. This is the final volume of the Project which consolidates the studies done earlier, aims at crystallising some useful lessons for the countries studied and also others who continue to have long running internal conflicts. The constraints in trying to resolve the conflicts by the states and addressing the nuances of the consequences are quite complex. This volume attempts to analyse these issues and helps in identifying positive and negative outcomes of the way different governing systems have addressed the conflicts. The study highlights the importance of not only understanding the major internal conflicts but also anticipating and identifying the problems and difficulties that arise from the consequences and throws up useful policy pointers.

Northeast India comprises of seven states - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. This region has been the theatre of insurgency and ethnic-based armed conflicts for more than half a century making the region one of South Asia's most disturbed areas. The instability in Northeast India is characterized by two distinct factors - ethnic clashes among the indigenous groups and political movement against the Union Government. The conflicting dynamics in the Northeast ranges from insurgency for secession to insurgency for autonomy, from terrorism to ethnic clashes, to problems of continuous inflow of migrants and the fight over resources. Moreover, vested interests and inter tribal and inter factional rivalry have led militant groups to continually clash among themselves, plunging the region in a vicious cycle of militancy, social violence and lack of economic growth. These armed conflicts have given impetus to small arms proliferation, narcotics trade and a parallel economy. The democratic deficits and how the Central Government and the states have addressed these concerns are of interest. The location of the region, politically and geographically, has a fundamental bearing on it and its people who aspire for different goals and how they try to reach these goals. The region shares borders with four countries: Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Tibet/China and is connected to the Indian mainland by a narrow stretch of land. This adds to the trans - border ramifications to the conflicts. To address these issues CSA with the help of Centre for Northeast Studies and Policy Research, Guwahati engaged a few experts who have contributed papers which were presented at the Seminar in New Delhi in July 2010 and the same stand published through this book.

CSA in collaboration with think tanks in Sri Lanka has organised studies and seminars over the years to address the internal conflict in Sri Lanka at its various stages. The end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka brings a new era of hope and optimism to millions of Sri Lankans. It also poses formidable challenges to the Government of Sri Lanka in the nation building process. Sri Lanka is fully engaged in rebuilding its society. At this juncture, it is worthwhile to reflect on its achievements, shortfalls and gaps and take stock of the current state of affairs, look closely at some of the variables that would speed up the post war rehabilitation, reconstruction and rebuilding and explore as to how these processes can be made sustainable and lasting. To address these issues, CSA engaged nine experts from India and Sri Lanka to carry out research on themes managing political challenges in rebuilding the society, socio-economic challenges and challenges of harmonising ethnic diversity. This volume comprises of the papers presented by these nine experts at a seminar jointly organised by CSA and RCSS Colombo.

Naxalism or Left Wing extremism is a major internal security threat faced by India. Though Naxalism predates independence, it was limited to small pockets of areas but now has spread to underdeveloped areas from Bihar to Tamil Nadu. It is a well organized underground movement with an ideological base in rural areas spread over in the interior of many states. The Naxal movement is a complex socio- politico- economic phenomenon. Their violent methods against the government officials, law and order agencies and business community are causes, needing immediate and serious attention.

Indian policy on nuclear disarmament has been one of long standing support and approval of measures leading to it. The first decade of 21st century has seen a resurgence of support for global nuclear disarmament. A cascade of nuclear disarmament proposals has emerged from different sources. There has been little interaction between India and Europe on nuclear issues. The seminar on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament held in June 2010 in New Delhi was one such attempt to build awareness on Indian and European perspectives on nuclear disarmament. This book is based on the seminar held in New Delhi. The position of Germany and Poland were of special interest to the discourse and this volume offers an excellent insight into it.

Sri Lanka militarily defeated LTTE after two and a half decades long drawn out war which killed over 70,000 persons and left many more homeless. Though the war is over, the conflict will be far from being resolved unless its underlying political and constitutional complexities are addressed. Enormous mistrust has deepened between political, religious and ethnic groups. The implications of the perception of injustice to the Tamil minority have complicated the political situation in neighboring India and have led to anguish in many countries where Tamil Diaspora is concentrated. The indications are that the Sri Lankan Government is addressing these issues to resolve the conflict and ensure equity and justice to all its citizens. The conflict contains elements of economic, ethnic, political and use of state power. India s involvement in this conflict included military, economic and political initiatives. These factors offer a valuable case study with relevance to South Asian region."

Neglect of socio- economic needs, inequality and injustice in Nepali society attributed to the genesis of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal. In early 1990, a mass upsurge Jana Andolan paved way for multi party of governance in Nepal. The opening up of the polity increased the awareness of inequality which helped Maoist insurgency to grow dramatically. However, in November 2005, a Comprehensive Peace Agreement was reached between the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN-UML) and other main stream political parties. Monarchy was abolished. Election to the Constituent Assembly was held and a coalition government was been put in place. Inadequate steps to address the ethnic, economic and political aspirations of multi- ethnic groups have caused further unrest and created conditions for newer conflicts. Nepal shares border with India particularly with Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, there is free movement across the borders. This facilitates movement of mafia groups, drug trafficking and political activities. Control of cross border activities remains difficult and led to serious cross border implications. This volume is compilation of the eight papers presented at a workshop organized at Varnasi in June 2010 in collaboration with Malaviya Centre for Peace Research and the Centre for the Study of Nepal, Banaras Hindu University.

In the recent years, the interstate wars have declined and intrastate wars/ internal conflicts are on rise. Impacts of internal conflicts are no longer limited within a nation state, they incur international consequences of disturbing magnitude. Myanmar (Burma) is affected by two types of internal conflicts. The first is between the military government and various ethnic groups spread along the international borders with India, China, Laos and Thailand. These ethnic minorities speak different languages, have different cultures and have taken up arms. They seek to have a say in the political process, economic development of their regions and the right to practice their language, culture and religion without constraints. They have been operating across the international borders. In the absence of economic security, law and order and effective governance to meet their needs, they tend to indulge in various illegal activities like arms smuggling and drug trafficking having effect on the neighbourhood. The second internal conflict is due to the aspirations of the people demanding democratic government which is being severely put down by the military junta. The conflict arising out of the democratic aspirations of the people and the approach of the military government has serious implications to the neighbouring countries. This volume comprises of eleven research papers presented at the seminar held in Singapore in May 2010 in collaboration with Institute of South East Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore.