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Reports by international governmental and non-governmental
organizations on the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine
constituted a significant factor in generating, facilitating, and
completing the Orange Revolution. Ukrainian civil society, mass
media, courts, and political parties were the main driving force
behind the popular uprising that returned Ukraine to the path of
democratization it had embarked on in 1991. Yet, the unambiguous
stance and political weight of such institutions as the EU, PACE,
NATO, and, above all, OSCE played their role too. The democratic
movement benefited from the menace of international isolation and
stigmatization of the Ukrainian state, which was expected in case
President Leonid Kuchma had decided to prevent a repetition of the
second round of the voting.The volume collects not all, but some of
the most widely discussed reports, including English translations
of selected sections of the three reports produced by the CIS
International Observers Mission. The latter as well as a report by
an Israeli institute depart from the assessments of the other
organizations represented here, allowing for comparison of
diverging evaluations of the same events. The volume assembles full
or excerpted official reports of the International Republican
Institute, the Tel Aviv Institute for the Countries of Eastern
Europe and CIS, the European Network of Election Monitoring
Organizations, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,
the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Office
for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, and the Commonwealth
of Independent States. Contributions by Yevgen Shapoval and Roman
Kupchinsky introduce and conclude the collection.
The third volume of "Aspects of the Orange Revolution"
complements the essays of the first two collections providing
further historical background on, and analytical insight into, the
events at Kyiv in late 2004. Its seven contributions by both
established and younger specialists range from electoral statistics
to musicology, and deal with, among other issues, such questions
as: Why had blatant election fraud not generated mass protest
before 2004, but, in that year, did? How was Viktor Yushchenko able
to collect enough votes to defeat the establishment candidate
Viktor Yanukovych, and become the new President of a socially,
geographically and culturally divided country? How was it possible
to prevent large-scale violence, and which role did the judiciary
play during the quasi-revolutionary events in autumn-winter 2004?
What legal foundations and court decisions made the repetition of
the second round of the presidential elections possible? Which
campaign instruments, and political 'technologies' were applied by
various domestic and foreign actors to activate the Ukrainian
population? How did the internet and music become factors in the
emergence of mass protests involving hundreds of thousands of
people? To which degree and how did external influences affect the
Orange Revolution? Erik S. Herron, Paul E. Johnson, Dominique Arel,
Ivan Katchanovski, Ralph S. Clem, Peter R. Craumer, Hartmut Rank,
Stephan Heidenhain, Adriana Helbig, and Andrew Wilson present a
multifarious panorama of the origins and dynamics of the processes
that changed the nature of political and civic life during and
between the three rounds of Ukraine's fateful 2004 presidential
elections.
The fourth volume of "Aspects of the Orange Revolution"
continues the previous volume's discussion on the impact of foreign
actors on Ukrainian politics. It provides both scholarly analyses
and first-hand accounts. The collection not only investigates, but
also gives voice to, some of those involved in the events of 2004.
While most of the volume's contributors have an academic
background, some of them report here from the perspective of
official election or informal participant observers of the three
rounds of the Ukrainian presidential elections. Part One juxtaposes
some contrasting views on how far Russia's and the West's various
interests, activities and tools influencing the Orange Revolution
were comparable to each other, and adequate given the
circumstances. Part Two presents individual reports by a number of
international election observers who were following the campaign
and voting in various parts of Ukraine in 2004. Part Three presents
three additional on-the-ground observations focusing solely on the
notorious electoral district No. 100 of Kirovohrad Oblast. The
contributions by Andreas Umland, Iris Kempe, Iryna Solonenko,
Vladimir Frolov, Valentin Yakushik, Matthias Brucker, Jake
Rudnitsky, Rory Finnin, Adriana Helbig, Paul Terdal, Tatiana
Terdal, Peter Wittschorek, Hans-J?rg Schmedes, Adrianna Melnyk,
Ingmar Bredies, Oxana Shevel, and Volodymyr Bilyk add a number of
novel points of view to those presented in the previous volumes.
These partly contradictory and emotional texts as well as a number
of photographs document the tense atmosphere and confrontational
climate within which Ukraine's second phase of post-Soviet
democratization started in 2004.
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