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This book analyzes the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal
insulation composite systems (ETICS), components that increase the
thermal efficiency of buildings. Treating a topic that has largely
been neglected, it explores the main cause of biological growth
within ETICS. The results of two experimental test series are
presented: (i) a long-term assessment of four facades covered with
ETICS and (ii) an evaluation of the factors affecting the facades'
hygrothermal behaviour. Furthermore, using a previously validated
numerical model, it presents a sensitivity analysis of the
hygrothermal behaviour of facades coated with ETICS. It also
provides a methodology to assess the surface humidification of
ETICS, which combines the effect of surface condensation,
wind-driven rain and the drying process (three of the most
prevalent parameters influencing the surface moisture content),
which can then be used as a decision-support tool. ETICS are now
frequently used in Europe to improve the thermal efficiency of
buildings. Despite their advantages in terms of thermal efficiency,
their low cost and their ease of application, these systems are
adversely affected by microbiological growth, which causes
defacement of cladding. Although the thermal and mechanical
performance of the system is not impaired, biological defacement
has an enormous aesthetic impact, affecting the inhabitants' living
experience and restricting the full implementation of this
technology. External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS):
An Evaluation of Hygrothermal Behaviour provides a valuable
resource to engineers and architects utilizing ETICS in their work,
and for researchers and students interested in the hygrothermal
behaviour of ETICS. It is also intended for those employed in
industry and manufacturers of ETICS.
This book discusses the effect of different school building
rehabilitation strategies on the classrooms' indoor environmental
quality (IEQ) and presents a multi-objective methodology for school
building enclosure optimization combining artificial neural
networks and lifecycle costs. The special features of this book are
that it (a) presents the state-of-the-art in school building
rehabilitation, (b) covers the IEQ assessment of several school
buildings, including non-rehabilitated and rehabilitated according
to different strategies; and (c) proposes a multi-objective
optimization procedure. The rehabilitation of a school building
should be regarded as a procedure combining a number of (sometimes
conflicting) variables and objectives, including energy, IEQ and
costs (initial, operational and maintenance), in the search for an
"optimum solution." The main benefit of the book is that it
discusses the main topics related to school building
rehabilitation, presents results of the IEQ assessment on 9 school
buildings and launches a discussion on how the "in-use" performance
of schools is key to understanding how designed performance is
actually experienced. It maps the most commonly used
multi-objective algorithms and artificial neural network
architectures and proposes a methodology for combining these
numerical tools with dynamic building simulations and lifecycle
cost analysis to optimize school building enclosures. This
methodology will be of value to scientists and engineers alike,
while also addressing a variety of related disciplines, such as
civil and mechanical engineering, architecture and mathematics.
This book presents a critical review on the development and
application of hygrothermal analysis methods to simulate the
coupled transport processes of Heat, Air, and Moisture (HAM)
transfer for one or multidimensional cases.
During the past few decades there has been relevant development in
this field of study and an increase in the professional use of
tools that simulate some of the physical phenomena that are
involved in Heat, Air and Moisture conditions in building
components or elements. Although there is a significant amount of
hygrothermal models referred in the literature, the vast majority
of them are not easily available to the public outside the
institutions where they were developed, which restricts the
analysis of this book to only 14 hygrothermal modelling tools.
The special features of this book are (a) a state-of-the-art of
numerical simulation tools applied to building physics, (b) the
boundary conditions importance, (c) the material properties,
namely, experimental methods for the measurement of relevant
transport properties, and (d) the numerical investigation and
application
The main benefit of the book is that it discusses all the topics
related to numerical simulation tools in building components
(including state-of-the-art and applications) and presents some of
the most important theoretical and numerical developments in
building physics, providing a self-contained major reference that
is appealing to both the scientists and the engineers. At the same
time, this book will be going to the encounter of a variety of
scientific and engineering disciplines, such as civil and
mechanical engineering, architecture, etc... The book is divided in
several chapters that intend to be a resume of the current state of
knowledge for benefit of professional colleagues.
This book presents a critical review of a criterion of risk,
created to assess the flood risk to heritage buildings, and
evaluates this criterion by applying it to the sample Portuguese
heritage buildings. In a first approach, the total number of
potential parameters is effectively reduced and the selected
criteria are divided into two different groups: the monument's
location in relation to a waterway, and the behaviour of its
construction material in contact with water. Above all, the book
discusses the importance of architectural heritage and argues for
the need to safeguard it from extreme climatic phenomena such as
floods. As such, the book vividly reminds the scientific community
that the intensification of the global warming and climate change
will worsen throughout the 21st century, and that it is therefore
necessary to adopt preventive measures to minimize, mitigate and
control these adverse effects if we hope to avoid catastrophic
consequences. At the same time, the book takes into account a broad
range of scientific and engineering disciplines, such as civil
engineering and architecture, offering a synthesis of the current
state of knowledge to benefit and guide experts and practitioners
in related fields.
Rising Damp coming from the ground that, by capillarity, rises
through porous materials is one of the main degradation causes of
historical and ancient buildings, essentially, of its thick walls
with heterogeneous composition. In the last few years, the Building
Physics Laboratory - LFC of Porto University, Faculty of
Engineering - FEUP, validated and analyzed the operating principle
of a technique called "Wall Base Ventilation System" for the
treatment of rising damp problems in historical and ancient
buildings, consisting in enforce the circulation of air in the base
of the walls of buildings with a relative humidity far from the
saturation. This work presents the most common rising damp
treatment techniques and the system's idea, develops a complex and
complete systems design model, using a numerical simulation program
and making some laboratory tests to get its validation and,
finally, presents the implementation of a hygro-regulated system in
a real building, a Portuguese historical Church.
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