This text, written as an introduction to fluid mechanics for students of all engineering disciplines, emphasizes fluid flow phenomena and their modelling. The level of mathematics is kept at the minimum so that a student can pay full attention to the complexities of the fundamental physical concepts and develop a physical feel of the subject. Common misapplications, misunderstandings and over-generalizations made by students are anticipated and cautioned against. Relatively newer and simpler treatments have been used in several topics such as Euler acceleration formula, Reynolds transport theorem and Bernoulli equation, and a new unified treatment of modelling, similitude and the basis of approximations has been presented. A preview of fluid flow phenomena in Chapter 1 and an overview in the epilogue are included. A whole array of applications from diverse engineering disciplines has been introduced through numerous solved examples and over five hundred carefully graded problems. In this new edition, Chapter 9 on Similitude and Modelling has been re-written so as to make it easier to understand, and suggestions of several users have been incorporated.

This book presents an in-depth study on advances in constructive approximation theory with recent problems on linear positive operators. State-of-the-art research in constructive approximation is treated with extensions to approximation results on linear positive operators in a post quantum and bivariate setting. Methods, techniques, and problems in approximation theory are demonstrated with applications to optimization, physics, and biology. Graduate students, research scientists and engineers working in mathematics, physics, and industry will broaden their understanding of operators essential to pure and applied mathematics. Topics discussed include: discrete operators, quantitative estimates, post-quantum calculus, integral operators, univariate Gruss-type inequalities for positive linear operators, bivariate operators of discrete and integral type, convergence of GBS operators.

This book presents an in-depth study on advances in constructive approximation theory with recent problems on linear positive operators. State-of-the-art research in constructive approximation is treated with extensions to approximation results on linear positive operators in a post quantum and bivariate setting. Methods, techniques, and problems in approximation theory are demonstrated with applications to optimization, physics, and biology. Graduate students, research scientists and engineers working in mathematics, physics, and industry will broaden their understanding of operators essential to pure and applied mathematics. Topics discussed include: discrete operators, quantitative estimates, post-quantum calculus, integral operators, univariate Gruss-type inequalities for positive linear operators, bivariate operators of discrete and integral type, convergence of GBS operators.

This book presents a systematic overview of approximation by linear combinations of positive linear operators, a useful tool used to increase the order of approximation. Fundamental and recent results from the past decade are described with their corresponding proofs. The volume consists of eight chapters that provide detailed insight into the representation of monomials of the operators Ln , direct and inverse estimates for a broad class of positive linear operators, and case studies involving finite and unbounded intervals of real and complex functions. Strong converse inequalities of Type A in terminology of Ditzian-Ivanov for linear combinations of Bernstein and Bernstein-Kantorovich operators and various Voronovskaja-type estimates for some linear combinations are analyzed and explained. Graduate students and researchers in approximation theory will find the list of open problems in approximation of linear combinations useful. The book serves as a reference for graduate and postgraduate courses as well as a basis for future study and development.

Designed for graduate students, researchers, and engineers in mathematics, optimization, and economics, this self-contained volume presents theory, methods, and applications in mathematical analysis and approximation theory. Specific topics include: approximation of functions by linear positive operators with applications to computer aided geometric design, numerical analysis, optimization theory, and solutions of differential equations. Recent and significant developments in approximation theory, special functions and q-calculus along with their applications to mathematics, engineering, and social sciences are discussed and analyzed. Each chapter enriches the understanding of current research problems and theories in pure and applied research.

This book presents a systematic overview of approximation by linear combinations of positive linear operators, a useful tool used to increase the order of approximation. Fundamental and recent results from the past decade are described with their corresponding proofs. The volume consists of eight chapters that provide detailed insight into the representation of monomials of the operators Ln , direct and inverse estimates for a broad class of positive linear operators, and case studies involving finite and unbounded intervals of real and complex functions. Strong converse inequalities of Type A in terminology of Ditzian-Ivanov for linear combinations of Bernstein and Bernstein-Kantorovich operators and various Voronovskaja-type estimates for some linear combinations are analyzed and explained. Graduate students and researchers in approximation theory will find the list of open problems in approximation of linear combinations useful. The book serves as a reference for graduate and postgraduate courses as well as a basis for future study and development.

Designed for graduate students, researchers, and engineers in mathematics, optimization, and economics, this self-contained volume presents theory, methods, and applications in mathematical analysis and approximation theory. Specific topics include: approximation of functions by linear positive operators with applications to computer aided geometric design, numerical analysis, optimization theory, and solutions of differential equations. Recent and significant developments in approximation theory, special functions and q-calculus along with their applications to mathematics, engineering, and social sciences are discussed and analyzed. Each chapter enriches the understanding of current research problems and theories in pure and applied research.

The approximation of functions by linear positive operators is an important research topic in general mathematics and it also provides powerful tools to application areas such as computer-aided geometric design, numerical analysis, and solutions of differential equations. q-Calculus is a generalization of many subjects, such as hypergeometric series, complex analysis, and particle physics. This monograph is an introduction to combining approximation theory and q-Calculus with applications, by using well- known operators. The presentation is systematic and the authors include a brief summary of the notations and basic definitions of q-calculus before delving into more advanced material. The many applications of q-calculus in the theory of approximation, especially on various operators, which includes convergence of operators to functions in real and complex domain forms the gist of the book. This book is suitable for researchers and students in mathematics, physics and engineering, and for professionals who would enjoy exploring the host of mathematical techniques and ideas that are collected and discussed in the book.

The study of linear positive operators is an area of mathematical studies with significant relevance to studies of computer-aided geometric design, numerical analysis, and differential equations. This book focuses on the convergence of linear positive operators in real and complex domains. The theoretical aspects of these operators have been an active area of research over the past few decades. In this volume, authors Gupta and Agarwal explore new and more efficient methods of applying this research to studies in Optimization and Analysis. The text will be of interest to upper-level students seeking an introduction to the field and to researchers developing innovative approaches.

The approximation of functions by linear positive operators is an important research topic in general mathematics and it also provides powerful tools to application areas suchas computer-aided geometric design, numerical analysis, and solutions of differential equations. q-Calculus is a generalization of many subjects, such as hypergeometric series, complex analysis, and particle physics. This monograph is an introduction to combining approximation theory and q-Calculus with applications, by usingwell- known operators. The presentation is systematic and the authors include a brief summary of the notations and basicdefinitions ofq-calculus before delving into more advanced material. Themany applications of q-calculus in the theory of approximation, especially onvariousoperators, which includes convergence of operators to functions in real and complex domain forms the gist of the book.

This book is suitable for researchers andstudents in mathematics, physics andengineering, and forprofessionals who would enjoy exploring the host of mathematicaltechniques and ideas that are collected and discussedin thebook."

This brief studies recent work conducted on certain exponential type operators and other integral type operators. It consists of three chapters: the first on exponential type operators, the second a study of some modifications of linear positive operators, and the third on difference estimates between two operators. It will be of interest to students both graduate and undergraduate studying linear positive operators and the area of approximation theory.

Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth: Beneficial Interactions and Applications explains how modern molecular tools can unlock the plant's microbial network, building the bridge between plant and environment. Chapters describe the usefulness of the endophytic microbiome of different crops, including cereals, vegetables and horticulture, and delve into the latest research surrounding the applications of plant-microbe interactions in improving plant growth. Other topics discussed include root endophytes and their role in plant fitness, seed associated endophytes and their functions, and microbial endophytes and nanotechnology. This is a one-stop resource for scientists wanting access to the latest research in plant microbiology. The book also provides advanced techniques for using multi-omics approaches to study plant-microbe interactions, providing readers with a practical approach.

AN INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS attempts to deal with the subject as an engineering science with a clear elaboration of the central scheme of dealing with this subject, namely, delinking the geometry aspects of the subject from the materials aspects. This is achieved by using explicitly the three-step scheme of macro (forces) to micro (stresses) conversion, transforming at the micro level (from stresses to strains), and then converting back to the macro level (deformations), or vice versa. Another aspect which has been emphasised considerably is the construction of idealized models of the physical structures such that they are amenable to analysis with the mathematical tools available with a beginning engineering student. The level of mathematics used has been kept at the very minimum, without sacrificing the rigour. In the belief that not all readers would have sufficient familiarity with the engineering aspects of many applications discussed, considerable amount of details about these have been included wherever feasible.

Fungal Biology is a frontier area of research in life sciences. Fungi represent one of the three major evolutionary segments along with plants and animals. Fungal Biochemistry and biotechnology is an important publication representing these advances and multiple roles played by fungi. Fungal multidimensional features with basic and applied value projected their potential beyond routine systematics, diversity and environmental studies. Aimed at students and researchers studying mycology, biotechnology, fungal biology and fungal genetics, this book covers current research updates on Fungal Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Clear explanations are given of all the principle concepts. In view of tremendous developments in the field of Fungal Biology, the present treatise emphasizes various aspects of contemporary issues in mycology. This includes mostly industrial applications of fungi, beneficial effects of mycorrhizal fungi, molecular biology in fungi, RNAi technique, health implications and also biological control mechanism.

Rapid advances in information processing, communication and sensing technologies have enabled more and more devices to be provided with embedded processors, networking capabilities and sensors. For the field of estimation and control, it is now possible to consider an architecture in which many simple components communicate and cooperate to achieve a joint team goal. This distributed (or networked) architecture promises much in terms of performance, reliability and simplicity of design. However, at the same time, it requires extending the traditional theories of control, communication and computation and, in fact, looking at a unified picture of the three fields. From an estimation and control perspective, the presence of real communication channels can lead to a significant performance loss due to the introduction of non-classical information patterns into the problem. This book deals with new design principles to counter such performance degradation. The chief idea explored in this book is the joint design of information flow and the control law. While traditional control design has concentrated on calculating the optimal control input by assuming a particular information flow between the components, our approach seeks to synthesize the optimal information flow along with the optimal control law that satisfies the constraints of the information flow. Thus besides the question of What should an agent do?, the questions of Whom should an agent talk to?, What should an agent communicate?, When should an agent communicate? and so on also have to be answered. The design of the information flow represents an important degree of freedom available to the system designer that has hithertolargely been ignored. As we demonstrate in the book, the joint design of information flow and the optimal control input satisfying the constraints of that information flow yields large improvements in performance over simply trying to fit traditional design theories on distributed systems.