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This book provides an up-to-date review of fasciolosis, a disease
caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, including its
biology, transmission, epidemiology, host distribution, economic
impact, and novel approaches for its diagnosis, treatment and
prevention. It first offers a brief overview of the history of the
disease, the genetic diversity of the parasite and its
distribution, and the ecology of the vector snail, which belongs to
the Lymnaeidae/Planorbidae family. It also examines the current
strategies and novel approaches for controlling the parasite,
diagnosing infections and vaccine development. Importantly, it
highlights issues relating to the control of fasciolosis, including
drug resistance, lack of effective diagnostics, and the parasite's
long-term survival strategies based on regulation and modulation of
the host immune system. Lastly, it discusses the novel control
snail vectors using bait formulations, and synergetic and
phototherapy treatment with chlorophyllin, which does not kill the
vector.
There is considerable scope for improving the outcome of any
blasting operation through basic understanding and application of
the principles of blasting science and technology. The main
objective of Performance of Explosives and New Developments is to
sensitize the practitioner to critically examine the various
empirical approaches in blasting which may have been in use for a
long time, but lack any sound material basis. On the other hand,
where the empirical approaches have proven of value, significant
additional improvement can be achieved through better understanding
of the underlying process. None of the components involved in a
blasting operation should be treated in isolation, as they are all
interlinked. Fragmentation of rock by blasting represents the first
stage in the size reduction process which is essential to
extraction of valuable minerals and metals. Therefore,
understanding the performance of the explosive and initiators under
actual field conditions, and critical assessment of the blast
results afterwards are central to effective blast design, improved
productivity, and novel applications. Performance of Explosives and
New Developments presents the state of the art on explosive energy,
its utilization in blasting, and some new developments and
innovative applications, and is aimed at academics and
practitioners in the field.
This book provides an up-to-date review of fasciolosis, a disease
caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, including its
biology, transmission, epidemiology, host distribution, economic
impact, and novel approaches for its diagnosis, treatment and
prevention. It first offers a brief overview of the history of the
disease, the genetic diversity of the parasite and its
distribution, and the ecology of the vector snail, which belongs to
the Lymnaeidae/Planorbidae family. It also examines the current
strategies and novel approaches for controlling the parasite,
diagnosing infections and vaccine development. Importantly, it
highlights issues relating to the control of fasciolosis, including
drug resistance, lack of effective diagnostics, and the parasite's
long-term survival strategies based on regulation and modulation of
the host immune system. Lastly, it discusses the novel control
snail vectors using bait formulations, and synergetic and
phototherapy treatment with chlorophyllin, which does not kill the
vector.
Organic farming is a system approach utilizing the natural cycles
and biological interactions for crop production and protection. It
aims at harmonizing with nature and a method of production without
destroying the environment. Vermitechnology is one of the important
components of organic farming. The earthworm (verm) is now known to
be a good biological element for the recovery of vermifertilizer
and vermin- protein for use in agro-ecosystems, aquaculture,
poultry etc. Earthworm culture, popularly called vermiculture is
being widely practicised in a big commercialized manner. Therefore,
it is high time to enter into the vermitechnology as a part of the
biotechnology programme. In India, some companies have adopted
vermiculture, but by and large the general awareness remains
limited, despite the fact that several non-governmental
organizations and governmental institutions are trying hard to
popularize vermitechnology. This book is an attempt to help those
desirous of starting a vermicutlure and vermicompost industry.
Based on this rationale, the Vermiculture Research Station in
Aligarh, India embarked on an extensive programme of transferring
vermitechnology to the farmers back in 2000 under the Lab to Land
programme. The farmers were given specialized training through
field demonstrations in vermitechnology, organizing special courses
and setting-up their own field units in rural areas. It is
heartening to note that female farmers have also come forward in
this new venture and are now producing quality vermicompost to
supplement their income.
Ethno-medicines have gained new dimensions in the present days
through phyto-chemical research in India and abroad. Information on
medicinal plants and folk drugs recorded during fieldwork is now
being subjected to investigation in the search for new biodynamic
compounds of therapeutic value. The curative properties of plants
acquired by trial and error over centuries in "Human Laboratories"
of tribals hold high esteem all over the globe. The present study
is based on this rationale and provides first-hand information on
some 1120 contemporary ethno-pharmacological prescriptions
involving 444 taxa of medicinal plants collected and identified
from certain rich tribal inhabited forest zones of the country
between 1971-1997.
Gastropods pest are largely neglected in the literature of pest
control methods. Terrestrial/ aquatic snails and slugs are
destructive pest of field crops/aquatic vegetation and gardens.
Gastropods also act as intermediate host of many helminthic
species. Fasciolosis and schistosomiasis are included in the list
of important helminthiasis. Both have long impact on cattle and
human health and economy. One of the effective tools to control
helminthiasis is to destroy the carrier snails, to de-link the life
cycle of the flukes. The present book highlights the major control
methods of gastropods pest of horticulture/agriculture and carrier
snails of different flukes. The major control measures, which are
commonly used now a days are cultural/biological/mechanical and by
synthetic/plant derived products. Recent researches, on snail
control measures include use of cow urine/dung, bait formulations
and synergistic combinations against harmful gastropods are also
discussed. Snail trapping by different attractants used in bait
formulation and phytotherapy of snails is one of the emerging
methods in control of helminthiasis. Present book is useful to the
agriculturist/livestock users.
Aphids or plant lice, are small, soft bodied, sucking insects that
feed on plant fluids. Heavy infestations reduce plant growth. Honey
dew produced by Aphids makes leaves and flowers sticky and acts as
a substrate for black sooty fungus. Their tremendous damaging
potential related to their high breeding capacity, polymorphism,
parthenogenetic and host alteration. About 4700 aphid species are
known worldwide. About 803 species/subspecies belonging to 207
genera represents Indian Aphididae. The desert area represents less
number of aphids species. The green citrus aphid Aphis spiraecola
Patch (homoptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important
polyphagous species found in India, is cosmopolitan. Aphis
spiraecola is pestiferous over 65 plant genera especially
Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae,
Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae. Aphis
spiraecola is pest of Mexican aster and Lemon, damages directly or
indirectly mainly in Northeastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The
biosystematical and bioecological study of the aphids furnishes
useful taxonomical, biological and ecological infestation and is
necessary for formulating and control programme.
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