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This book discusses all major topics on survey sampling and
estimation. It covers traditional as well as advanced sampling
methods related to the spatial populations. The book presents
real-world applications of major sampling methods and illustrates
them with the R software. As a large sample size is not
cost-efficient, this book introduces a new method by using the
domain knowledge of the negative correlation between the variable
of interest and the auxiliary variable in order to control the size
of a sample. In addition, the book focuses on adaptive cluster
sampling, rank-set sampling and their applications in real life.
Advance methods discussed in the book have tremendous applications
in ecology, environmental science, health science, forestry,
bio-sciences, and humanities. This book is targeted as a text for
undergraduate and graduate students of statistics, as well as
researchers in various disciplines.
This book discusses all major topics on survey sampling and
estimation. It covers traditional as well as advanced sampling
methods related to the spatial populations. The book presents
real-world applications of major sampling methods and illustrates
them with the R software. As a large sample size is not
cost-efficient, this book introduces a new method by using the
domain knowledge of the negative correlation between the variable
of interest and the auxiliary variable in order to control the size
of a sample. In addition, the book focuses on adaptive cluster
sampling, rank-set sampling and their applications in real life.
Advance methods discussed in the book have tremendous applications
in ecology, environmental science, health science, forestry,
bio-sciences, and humanities. This book is targeted as a text for
undergraduate and graduate students of statistics, as well as
researchers in various disciplines.
Nanomaterial and Polymer Membranes: Synthesis, Characterization,
and Applications presents a unique collection of up-to-date
polymeric nanomaterial membranes. The book offers a perfect source
to document state-of-the-art developments and innovations in
nanocomposite membranes, ranging from materials development and
characterization of properties to membrane applications. The book
discusses applications that encompass the enhancement of sorption
and degradation processes and their usage for the removal of
different pollutants, including heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and
other organic and inorganic pollutants from the industry.
Lanthanides Series Determination by Various Analytical Methods
describes the different spectroscopic and electrochemical methods
used for the determination and measurement of lanthanides. Numerous
examples of determination methods used in real sample analysis are
gathered and explained, and the importance of lanthanides as
applied in chemical industry, agriculture, clinical and
pharmaceutical industry, and biology is discussed, with many
applications and recent advantages given.
Migraine has evolved into a giant puzzle and its literature
comprises a vast loosely-linked enterprise challenging human
problem-solving capacity. There is no central idea in migraine to
elaborate a general theory which in turn could ultimately lead to
creation of a unifying hypothesis that collects the various strands
of evidences into a coherent and logically defensible intelligible
synthesis. Current pathogenetic concepts of migraine, in particular
cortical spreading depression (CSD), do not focus on the precise
onset of the attack. Neither the aura nor the headache represents
the true beginning of a migraine attack. The primary or causal
physiological alteration underlying migraine lies in the
'pre-prodromal' phase, the variable interim between exposure to the
headache-provoking stimulus or situation and the onset of the
migraine prodrome. The migraine prodrome itself can last several
hours to a few days. Since CSD is believed to underlie both the
migrainous scintillating scotoma as well as the headache, it cannot
be regarded as an early or initial 'pre-prodromal' physiological
event. The biology of migraine is not the study of laboratory
'markers' but the elucidation of physiological forces (trait and/or
state factors) that push (precipitate) or pull (predispose)
patients towards aura/headache or aura/headache-free state. The
pathophysiology of migraine has been hitherto confined to analyses
of diverse precipitating and remitting factors and uncertain
postulations about recorded laboratory aberrations into presumptive
causal algorithms. The key cranial physiological system involved in
migraine remains unidentified. Migraine attacks occur during stress
and, more commonly, after cessation of stress. The author has
earlier proposed that a physiological neuroendocrine 'system'
comprised of well-regulated parallel activation of the
vasopressinergic, intrinsic brain serotonergic, and intrinsic brain
noradrenergic systems constitutes an important adaptive mechanism
that governs vascular integrity, antinociception, behaviour and
overall function during stressful occasions, including migraine
attacks. Such a conceptual template can be used to segregate the
vast phenomenology of migraine into primary pathogenetic or
secondary non-pathogenetic divisions; non-pathogenetic migrainous
phenomena can be further subdivided into adaptive and concomitant
(epiphenomenal) physiological events. Nausea and/or vomiting,
facial pallor, Raynaud's phenomenon, episodic daytime sleepiness,
and relative hypotension (both spontaneous as well as induced by
prophylactic anti-migraine pharmacologic agents) likely reflect the
non-pathogenetic (adaptive or epiphenomenal) clinical components of
migraine. The pathophysiological basis of aura/headache and
nausea/vomiting of migraine is very unlikely to be identical.
Exogenous magnesium does not readily cross the intact blood-brain
barrier and decreases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Magnesium depletion appears to serve an important adaptive
function; its utility in migraine management is not convincing.
Magnesium depletion, platelet activation, peripheral alterations in
serotonin and catecholamine metabolism, hyper-responsiveness of
brain noradrenergic, serotonergic, vasopressinergic, and
dopaminergic systems, parasympathetic nevous system activation,
pupillary miosis, and cutaneous allodynia probably represent some
of the secondary adaptive physiological mechanisms operative in
migraine. A critical or central role for brain neuronal involvement
in migraine pathogenesis appears unikely as established migraine
preventive agents like atenolol, nadolol, and verapamil do not
readily cross the intact blood-brain barrier or influence brain
neuronal function. Antidepressants, including amitriptyline, induce
brain noradrenergic and serotonergic hyperfunction, rendering
highly unlikely that such brain states underlie migraine.
Elucidation of adaptive physiological mechanisms in migraine can
rationalise important epidemiological, clinical, and
pharmacological features and sow the seeds for evolution of an
integrative synthesis which process, in turn, might herald the
creation of a comprehensive thought framework and research vision
for migraine.
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