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The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity has
resulted in a remarkable growth in the amount of research and the
number of researchers working in this exciting field.
Superconductivity is not a new phenomenon: in 1991 it will be 80
years old. Even though it was the newer discoveries which motivated
us to write this book, the book itself is mainly a description of
the fundamentals of the phenomenon. The book is written for a very
broad audience, including students, engin eers, teachers,
scientists, and others who are interested in learning about this
exciting frontier of science. We have focused on the qualitative
aspects, so that the reader can develop a basic understanding of
the fundamental physics without getting bogged down in the details.
Because of this approach, our list of refer ences is not
comprehensive, and it is supplemented with a summary of additional
reading consisting of monographs and selected review articles. (The
articles we have referenced were either not reflected in the review
articles on monographs or were milestones in the development of the
field. ) In addition, some of the sections which can be skipped
during the first reading have been marked with asterisks (*). Until
recently, superconductivity was considered to belong to the field
of low-temperature physics. This field was born, simultaneously
with quantum physics, at the beginning of this century. Initially
these two contemporaneous fields developed independently, but they
soon became strongly coupled."
This book contains papers presented at the International Conference
on Organic Superconductivity which was held May 20-24, 1990, at the
Stanford Sierra Conference Center, South Lake Tahoe, California. In
the twenty years since the First Conference on Organic
Superconductivity was held (Hawaii, 1969), there has been
remarkable progress in the field. At present, development is
accelerating with contributions from many groups in many countries
worldwide. The discovery of high Tc superconductivity by G. Bednorz
and K. Muller in 1986 and subsequent developments in the ceramic
superconductors have had an enormous impact on the field of
superconductivity as a whole. This discovery occurred in an area
entirely different from that of conventional superconduc tivity,
underscoring the importance of the search for and study of novel
materials of all kinds. We believe that the organics, with their
wide range of structural, chemical, and physical properties, belong
in this category of novel materials. This book reflects the efforts
of researchers from various disciplines: physicists, chemists, and
materials scientists. It addresses the normal and superconducting
properties of organic materials, as well as the search for new
compounds and new syntheses. We are pleased to note that one of
these papers reports on the discovery of a new organic
superconductor with a record high Tc in this class. One chapter is
devoted to a comparison of organic superconductors and the
cuprates, another, to the prospects of discovering other novel
conducting or superconducting compounds."
At first glance, the articles in this book may appear to have
nothing in common. They cover such seemingly disparate subjects as
the properties of small metallic clusters and the behavior of
superfluid He3, nuclear physics and organic materials, copper
oxides and mag netic resonance. Why have they been brought
together, particUlarly in our time of narrow spe cialization? In
fact, the properties and effects described in this book touch upon
one and the same fundamental phenomenon: pair correlation.
Introduced in the theory of superconductivity by J. Bardeen, L.
Cooper, and J. Schrieffer (BCS), this effect plays a key role in
various Fermi systems. The book consists of several sections. The
first chapter is concerned with conven tional and high Tc
superconductors. The second chapter describes two relatively young
fami lies of superconductors: organics and fullerenes. Chapter III
addresses the superfluidity of 3 He * The discovery of this
phenomenon in 1971 was a big event in physics and last year was
acknowledged by a Nobel prize. This book contains the text of the
Nobel lecture. Chapters IV and V are devoted to correlations in
finite Fermi systems such as small metallic clusters, C 60 anions,
and atomic nuclei. The book thus covers a broad range of problems,
illuminating the close ties between various areas of physics.
Superconductivity has become one of the most intensely studied
physical phenomena of our times, with tremendous potential to
revolutionize fields as diverse as computing and transportation.
This book describes the methods, established results, and recent
advances in the field. The goal is to present recently developed
theoretical models in light of the long-sought aim of achieving the
effect at very high temperatures. The book includes a detailed
review of various mechanisms, including phononic, magnetic, and
electronic models. The authors focus on the phenomenon of induced
superconductivity in the high-temperature oxides, particularly the
high-transition-temperature cuprates. They also discuss a variety
of low-temperature superconducting systems in conventional
materials and organics. The book links the crucial experiments with
the most current theories, offering a unified description of the
phenomenon. All researchers (and graduate-level) students involved
with work in superconductivity will find this an invaluable
resource, including solid-state and condensed-matter physicists and
chemists, and materials scientists.
At first glance, the articles in this book may appear to have
nothing in common. They cover such seemingly disparate subjects as
the properties of small metallic clusters and the behavior of
superfluid He3, nuclear physics and organic materials, copper
oxides and mag netic resonance. Why have they been brought
together, particUlarly in our time of narrow spe cialization? In
fact, the properties and effects described in this book touch upon
one and the same fundamental phenomenon: pair correlation.
Introduced in the theory of superconductivity by J. Bardeen, L.
Cooper, and J. Schrieffer (BCS), this effect plays a key role in
various Fermi systems. The book consists of several sections. The
first chapter is concerned with conven tional and high Tc
superconductors. The second chapter describes two relatively young
fami lies of superconductors: organics and fullerenes. Chapter III
addresses the superfluidity of 3 He * The discovery of this
phenomenon in 1971 was a big event in physics and last year was
acknowledged by a Nobel prize. This book contains the text of the
Nobel lecture. Chapters IV and V are devoted to correlations in
finite Fermi systems such as small metallic clusters, C 60 anions,
and atomic nuclei. The book thus covers a broad range of problems,
illuminating the close ties between various areas of physics.
The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity has
resulted in a remarkable growth in the amount of research and the
number of researchers working in this exciting field.
Superconductivity is not a new phenomenon: in 1991 it will be 80
years old. Even though it was the newer discoveries which motivated
us to write this book, the book itself is mainly a description of
the fundamentals of the phenomenon. The book is written for a very
broad audience, including students, engin eers, teachers,
scientists, and others who are interested in learning about this
exciting frontier of science. We have focused on the qualitative
aspects, so that the reader can develop a basic understanding of
the fundamental physics without getting bogged down in the details.
Because of this approach, our list of refer ences is not
comprehensive, and it is supplemented with a summary of additional
reading consisting of monographs and selected review articles. (The
articles we have referenced were either not reflected in the review
articles on monographs or were milestones in the development of the
field. ) In addition, some of the sections which can be skipped
during the first reading have been marked with asterisks (*). Until
recently, superconductivity was considered to belong to the field
of low-temperature physics. This field was born, simultaneously
with quantum physics, at the beginning of this century. Initially
these two contemporaneous fields developed independently, but they
soon became strongly coupled."
This book contains papers presented at the International Conference
on Organic Superconductivity which was held May 20-24, 1990, at the
Stanford Sierra Conference Center, South Lake Tahoe, California. In
the twenty years since the First Conference on Organic
Superconductivity was held (Hawaii, 1969), there has been
remarkable progress in the field. At present, development is
accelerating with contributions from many groups in many countries
worldwide. The discovery of high Tc superconductivity by G. Bednorz
and K. Muller in 1986 and subsequent developments in the ceramic
superconductors have had an enormous impact on the field of
superconductivity as a whole. This discovery occurred in an area
entirely different from that of conventional superconduc tivity,
underscoring the importance of the search for and study of novel
materials of all kinds. We believe that the organics, with their
wide range of structural, chemical, and physical properties, belong
in this category of novel materials. This book reflects the efforts
of researchers from various disciplines: physicists, chemists, and
materials scientists. It addresses the normal and superconducting
properties of organic materials, as well as the search for new
compounds and new syntheses. We are pleased to note that one of
these papers reports on the discovery of a new organic
superconductor with a record high Tc in this class. One chapter is
devoted to a comparison of organic superconductors and the
cuprates, another, to the prospects of discovering other novel
conducting or superconducting compounds."
The Novel Mechanisms of Superconductivity Conference was initially
conceived in the early part of 1986 as a small, 2-1/2 day workshop
of 40-70 scientists, both theorists and experimentalists interested
in exploring the possible evidence for exotic, non phononic
superconductivity. Of course, the historic discoveries of high
temperature oxide superconductors by Bednorz and Mftller and the
subsequent enhancements by the Houston/Alabama groups made such a
small conference impractical. The conference necessarily had to
expand, 2-1/2 days became 4-1/2 days and superconductivity in the
high Tc oxides became the largest single topic in the workshop. In
fact, this conference became the first major conference on this
topic and thus, these proceedings are also the first maj or
publication. However, heavy fermion, organic and low carrier
concentration superconductors remained a very important part of
this workshop and articles by the leaders in these fields are
included in these proceedings. Ultimately the workshop hosted
rearly 400 scientists, students and media including representatives
from the maj or research groups in the U.S., Europe, Japan and the
Soviet Union.
This volume, From High-Temperature Superconductivity to
Microminiature Refrigeration, was compiled as a commemoration to
Bill Little's rich scientific career over the past 40 years or
more. He has contributed many seminal ideas to such diverse fields
of physics as phonon physics at low temperatures, magnetic flux
quantization in superconductors, high-temperature
superconductivity, neural networks, and microminiature
refrigerators. The rrrst section of the book contains a collection
of reprints from Bill Little's most important scientific papers.
These papers are preceded by an introduction by Bill himself, which
gives many insights into the thinking processes that Ie.
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