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Mathematically rigorous, computationally fast, and easy to use,
this new approach to electromagnetic well logging gives the
reservoir engineer a new dimension to MWD/LWD interpretation and
tool design Almost all publications on borehole electromagnetics
deal with idealizations that are not acceptable physically. On the
other hand, exact models are only available through detailed finite
element or finite difference analysis, and more often than not,
simply describe case studies for special applications. In either
case, the models are not available for general use and the value of
the publications is questionable. This new approach provides a
rigorous, fully three-dimensional solution to the general problem,
developed over almost two decades by a researcher familiar with
practical applications and mathematical modeling. Completely
validated against exact solutions and physics-based checks through
over a hundred documented examples, the self-contained model (with
special built-in matrix solvers and iteration algorithms) with a
plain English graphical user interface has been optimized to run
extremely fast seconds per run as opposed to minutes and hours and
then automatically presents all electric and magnetic field results
through integrated three-dimensional color graphics. In addition to
state-of-the-art algorithms, basic utility programs are also
developed, such as simple dipole methods, Biot-Savart large
diameter models, nonlinear phase and amplitude interpolation
algorithms, and so on. Incredibly useful to oilfield practitioners,
this volume is a must-have for serious professionals in the field,
and all the algorithms have undergone a laborious validation
process with real use in the field. This groundbreaking new volume
contains: * A general three-dimensional electromagnetic model for
nondipolar transmitters in layered anisotropic media with dip,
developed for MWD/LWD well logging and tool design, offering
accurate solutions in seconds as opposed to minutes or hours * An
approach that helps readers explore new transmitter and receiver
concepts and designs * Information on model steel mandrels, charge
radiation from layer interfaces, large coil and thin layer effects,
anisotropic media and low resistivity pay, borehole eccentricity
and invasion, with a new and powerful model developed from first
principles * A new approach that removes physical limitations
associated with dipole, integral equation, Born, geometric factor
or hybrid techniques and explains how these problems are overcome,
building on advances from aerospace computational fluid mechanics *
Mathematical and programming details as well as ready-to-use
software with integrated three-dimensional color graphics for those
needing immediate answers
New Perspectives in Partial Least Squares and Related Methods
shares original, peer-reviewed research from presentations during
the 2012 partial least squares methods meeting (PLS 2012). This was
the 7th meeting in the series of PLS conferences and the first to
take place in the USA. PLS is an abbreviation for Partial Least
Squares and is also sometimes expanded as projection to latent
structures. This is an approach for modeling relations between data
matrices of different types of variables measured on the same set
of objects. The twenty-two papers in this volume, which include
three invited contributions from our keynote speakers, provide a
comprehensive overview of the current state of the most advanced
research related to PLS and related methods. Prominent scientists
from around the world took part in PLS 2012 and their contributions
covered the multiple dimensions of the partial least squares-based
methods. These exciting theoretical developments ranged from
partial least squares regression and correlation, component based
path modeling to regularized regression and subspace visualization.
In following the tradition of the six previous PLS meetings, these
contributions also included a large variety of PLS approaches such
as PLS metamodels, variable selection, sparse PLS regression,
distance based PLS, significance vs. reliability, and non-linear
PLS. Finally, these contributions applied PLS methods to data
originating from the traditional econometric/economic data to
genomics data, brain images, information systems, epidemiology, and
chemical spectroscopy. Such a broad and comprehensive volume will
also encourage new uses of PLS models in work by researchers and
students in many fields.
New Perspectives in Partial Least Squares and Related Methods
shares original, peer-reviewed research from presentations during
the 2012 partial least squares methods meeting (PLS 2012). This was
the 7th meeting in the series of PLS conferences and the first to
take place in the USA. PLS is an abbreviation for Partial Least
Squares and is also sometimes expanded as projection to latent
structures. This is an approach for modeling relations between data
matrices of different types of variables measured on the same set
of objects. The twenty-two papers in this volume, which include
three invited contributions from our keynote speakers, provide a
comprehensive overview of the current state of the most advanced
research related to PLS and related methods. Prominent scientists
from around the world took part in PLS 2012 and their contributions
covered the multiple dimensions of the partial least squares-based
methods. These exciting theoretical developments ranged from
partial least squares regression and correlation, component based
path modeling to regularized regression and subspace visualization.
In following the tradition of the six previous PLS meetings, these
contributions also included a large variety of PLS approaches such
as PLS metamodels, variable selection, sparse PLS regression,
distance based PLS, significance vs. reliability, and non-linear
PLS. Finally, these contributions applied PLS methods to data
originating from the traditional econometric/economic data to
genomics data, brain images, information systems, epidemiology, and
chemical spectroscopy. Such a broad and comprehensive volume will
also encourage new uses of PLS models in work by researchers and
students in many fields.
This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of Partial Least
Squares (PLS) methods with specific reference to their use in
marketing and with a discussion of the directions of current
research and perspectives. It covers the broad area of PLS methods,
from regression to structural equation modeling applications,
software and interpretation of results. The handbook serves both as
an introduction for those without prior knowledge of PLS and as a
comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners
interested in the most recent advances in PLS methodology.
Trade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms,
e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems,
drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent
of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are
available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for
high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on
solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course,
fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low
data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time
formation evaluation for years to come. This all-new revised second
edition of an instant classic promises to change all of this. The
lead author and M.I.T.-educated scientist, Wilson Chin, has written
the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from
first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous
signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In fact, the
methods and telemetry principles developed in the book were
recently adopted by one of the world's largest industrial
corporations in its mission to redefine the face of MWD. The entire
engineering history for continuous wave telemetry is covered:
anecdotal stories and their fallacies, original hardware problems
and their solutions, different noise mechanisms and their signal
processing solutions, apparent paradoxes encountered in field tests
and simple explanations to complicated questions, and so on, are
discussed in complete "tell all" detail for students, research
professors and professional engineers alike. These include signal
processing algorithms, signal enhancement methods, and highly
efficient "short" and "long wind tunnel" test methods, whose
results can be dynamically re-scaled to real muds flowing at any
speed. A must read for all petroleum engineering professionals!
Traditional well logging methods, such as resistivity, acoustic,
nuclear and NMR, provide indirect information related to fluid and
formation properties. The "formation tester," offered in wireline
and MWD/LWD operations, is different. It collects actual downhole
fluid samples for surface analysis, and through pressure transient
analysis, provides direct measurements for pore pressure, mobility,
permeability and anisotropy. These are vital to real-time drilling
safety, geosteering, hydraulic fracturing and economic analysis.
Methods for formation testing analysis, while commercially
important and accounting for a substantial part of service company
profits, however, are shrouded in secrecy. Unfortunately, many are
poorly constructed, and because details are not available, industry
researchers are not able to improve upon them. This new book
explains conventional models and develops new powerful algorithms
for "double-drawdown" and "advanced phase delay" early-time
analysis - importantly, it is now possible to predict both
horizontal and vertical permeabilities, plus pore pressure, within
seconds of well logging in very low mobility reservoirs. Other
subjects including inertial Forchheimer effects in contamination
modeling and time-dependent flowline volumes are also developed.
All of the methods are explained in complete detail. Equations are
offered for users to incorporate in their own models, but
convenient, easy-to-use software is available for those needing
immediate answers. The leading author is a well known
petrophysicist, with hands-on experience at Schlumberger,
Halliburton, BP Exploration and other companies. His work is used
commercially at major oil service companies, and important
extensions to his formation testing models have been supported by
prestigious grants from the United States Department of Energy. His
new collaboration with China National Offshore Oil Corporation
marks an important turning point, where advanced simulation models
and hardware are evolving side-by-side to define a new generation
of formation testing logging instruments. The present book provides
more than formulations and solutions: it offers a close look at
formation tester development "behind the scenes," as the China
National Offshore Oil Corporation opens up its research,
engineering and manufacturing facilities through a collection of
interesting photographs to show how formation testing tools are
developed from start to finish.
The only book available for the reservoir or petroleum engineer
covering formation testing with algorithms for wireline and LWD
reservoir analysis developed for transient pressure, contamination
modeling, permeability, and pore pressure prediction. Traditional
well logging methods, such as resistivity, acoustic, nuclear, and
NMR, provide indirect information relating to fluid and formation
properties. However, the formation tester offered in wireline and
MWD/LWD operations is different. It collects actual downhole fluid
samples for surface analysis, and through pressure transient
analysis, provides direct measurements for pore pressure, mobility,
permeability, and anisotropy. These are vital to real-time drilling
safety, geosteering, hydraulic fracturing, and economic analysis.
Methods for formation testing analysis, while commercially
important and accounting for a substantial part of service company
profits, are shrouded in secrecy. Many are poorly constructed, and
because details are not available, industry researchers are not
able to improve on them. Formation Testing explains conventional
models and develops new, more powerful algorithms for early-time
analysis. More importantly, it addresses a critical area in
sampling related to time required to pump clean samples, using
rigorous multiphase flow techniques. All of the methods are
explained in complete detail. Equations are offered for users to
incorporate in their own models, but, for those needing immediate
answers, convenient, easy-to-use software is available. The lead
author is a well-known petrophysicist with hands-on experience at
Schlumberger, Halliburton, BP Exploration, and other companies. His
work is used commercially at major oil service companies, and
important extensions to his formation testing models have been
supported by prestigious grants from the U.S. Department of Energy.
His latest collaboration with China National Offshore Oil
Corporation marks an important turning point, where advanced
simulation models and hardware are evolving side-by-side, defining
a new generation of formation testing logging instruments.
Providing more than formulations and solutions, this book offers a
close look at behind the scenes formation tester development, as
the China National Offshore Oil Corporation opens up its research,
engineering, and manufacturing facilities through a collection of
never-before-seen photographs, showing how formation testing tools
are developed from start to finish. This groundbreaking new volume:
* Develops key reservoir analysis methods for wireline and LWD
forward and inverse modeling, including algorithms, validations,
examples, and modeling software * Includes new pressure transient
and multiphase contamination models for analysis and job planning *
Covers low permeability and heavy oil reservoirs using early time
data, despite high flowline storage * Is the only book on the
subject for modern methods used at leading service companies, with
research funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, China National
Offshore Oil Corporation, and other companies
This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of Partial Least
Squares (PLS) methods with specific reference to their use in
marketing and with a discussion of the directions of current
research and perspectives. It covers the broad area of PLS methods,
from regression to structural equation modeling applications,
software and interpretation of results. The handbook serves both as
an introduction for those without prior knowledge of PLS and as a
comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners
interested in the most recent advances in PLS methodology.
Resistivity logging represents the cornerstone of modern petroleum
exploration, providing a quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon
bearing potential in newly discovered oilfields. Resistivity is
measured using AC coil tools, as well as by focused DC laterolog
and micro-pad devices, and later extrapolated, to provide oil
saturation estimates related to economic productivity and cash
flow. Interpretation and modeling methods, highly lucrative, are
shrouded in secrecy by oil service companies - often these models
are incorrect and mistakes perpetuate themselves over time. This
book develops math modeling methods for layered, anisotropic media,
providing algorithms, validations and numerous examples. New
electric current tracing tools are also constructed which show how
well (or poorly) DC tools probe intended anisotropic formations at
different dip angles. The approaches discussed provide readers with
new insights into the limitations of conventional tools and
methods, and offer practical and rigorous solutions to several
classes of problems explored in the book. Traditionally, Archie's
law is used to relate resistivity to water saturation, but only on
small core-sample spatial scales. The second half of this book
introduces methods to calculate field-wide water saturations using
modern Darcy flow approaches, and then, via Archie's law, develops
field-wide resistivity distributions which may vary with time. How
large-scale resistivity distributions can be used in more accurate
tool interpretation and reservoir characterization is considered at
length. The book also develops new methods in "time lapse logging,"
where timewise changes to resistivity response (arising from fluid
movements) can be used to predict rock and fluid flow properties.
This new volume, the third in Wiley-Scrivener's series on formation
testing, reviews pressure transient interpretation and
contamination analysis methods, providing numerous practical
discussions and examples with rigorous formulations solved through
exact, closed form, analytical solutions. This new volume in the
"Formation Testing" series further develops new methods and
processes that are being developed in the oil and gas industry. In
the 1990s through 2000s, the author co-developed Halliburton's
commercially successful GeoTapTM real-time LWD/MWD method for
formation testing, and also a parallel method used by China
Oilfield Services, which enabled the use of data taken at early
times, in low mobility and large flowline volume environments, to
support the important estimation of mobility, compressibility and
pore pressure, which are necessary for flow economics and fluid
contact boundaries analyses (This work was later extended through
two Department of Energy Small Business Innovation Research
awards.). While extremely significant, the effect of high pressures
in the borehole could not be fully accounted for. The formation
tester measures a combination of reservoir and mud pressure and
cannot ascertain how much is attributed to unimportant borehole
effects. The usual approach is "simply wait" until the effects
dissipate, which may require hours, which imply high drilling and
logging costs, plus increased risks in safety and tool loss. The
author has now modeled this "supercharge" effect and developed a
powerful mathematical algorithm that fully accounts for mud
interations. In short, accurate predictions for mobility,
compressibility and pore pressure can now be undertaken immediately
after an interval is drilled without waiting. This groundbreaking
new work is a must-have for any petroleum, reservoir, or mud
engineer working in the industry, solving day-to-day problems that
he or she encounters in the field.
A powerful new monograph from an aerodynamicist reviewing modern
conventional aerodynamic approaches, this volume covers aspects of
subsonic, transonic and supersonic flow, inverse problems, shear
flow analysis, jet engine power addition, engine and airframe
integration, and other areas, providing readers with the tools
needed to evaluate their own ideas and to implement the newer
methods suggested in this book. This new book, by a prolific
fluid-dynamicist and mathematician who has published more than
twenty research monographs, represents not just another
contribution to aerodynamics, but a book that raises serious
questions about traditionally accepted approaches and formulations,
providing new methods that solve longstanding problems of
importance to the industry. While both conventional and newer ideas
are discussed, the presentations are readable and geared to
advanced undergraduates with exposure to elementary differential
equations and introductory aerodynamics principles. Readers are
introduced to fundamental algorithms (with Fortran source code) for
basic applications, such as subsonic lifting airfoils, transonic
supercritical flows utilizing mixed differencing, models for
inviscid shear flow aerodynamics, and so on. These are models they
can extend to include newer effects developed in the second half of
the book. Many of the newer methods have appeared over the years in
various journals and are now presented with deeper perspective and
integration. This book helps readers approach the literature more
critically. Rather than simply understanding an approach, for
instance, the powerful "type differencing" behind transonic
analysis, or the rationale behind "conservative" formulations, or
the use of Euler equation methods for shear flow analysis when they
are unnecessary, the author guides and motivates the user to ask
why and why not and what if. And often, more powerful methods can
be developed using no more than simple mathematical manipulations.
For example, Cauchy-Riemann conditions, which are powerful tools in
subsonic airfoil theory, can be readily extended to handle
compressible flows with shocks, rotational flows, and even
three-dimensional wing flowfields, in a variety of applications, to
produce powerful formulations that address very difficult problems.
This breakthrough volume is certainly a "must have" on every
engineer's bookshelf.
Co-written by a world-renowned petroleum engineer, this
breakthrough new volume teaches engineers how to configure, place
and produce horizontal and multilateral wells in geologically
complicated reservoirs, select optimal well spacings and fracture
separations, and how to manage factors influencing well
productivity using proven cost-effective and user-friendly
simulation methods. Charged in the 1990s with solving some of
petroleum engineering's biggest problems that the industry deemed
"unsolvable," the authors of this innovative new volume solved
those problems, not just using a well-published math model, but one
optimized to run rapidly, the first time, every time. This not only
provides numerical output, but production curves and color pressure
plots automatically. And each in a single hour of desk time. Using
their Multisim software that is featured in this volume, secondary
school students at the Aldine Independent School District delivered
professional quality simulations in a training program funded by
some of the largest energy companies in the world. Think what you,
as a professional engineer, could do in your daily work. Valuable
with or without the software, this volume is the cutting-edge of
reservoir engineering today, prefacing each chapter with a "trade
journal summary" followed by hands-on details, allowing readers to
replicate and extend results for their own applications. This
volume covers parent-child, multilateral well, and fracture flow
interactions, reservoir flow analysis, many other issues involving
fluid flow, fracturing, and many other common "unsolvable" problems
that engineers encounter every day. It is a must-have for every
engineer's bookshelf.
Mysterious "supercharge effects," encountered in formation testing
pressure transient analysis, and reservoir invasion, mudcake
growth, dynamic filtration, stuck-pipe remediation, and so on, are
often discussed in contrasting petrophysical versus drilling
contexts. However, these effects are physically coupled and
intricately related. The authors focus on a comprehensive
formulation, provide solutions for different specialized limits,
and develop applications that illustrate how the central ideas can
be used in seemingly unrelated disciplines. This approach
contributes to a firm understanding of logging and drilling
principles. Fortran source code, furnished where applicable, is
listed together with recently developed software applications and
conveniently summarized throughout the book. In addition, common
(incorrect) methods used in the industry are re-analyzed and
replaced with more accurate models, which are then used to address
challenging field objectives. Sophisticated mathematics is
explained in "down to earth" terms, but empirical validations, in
this case through Catscan experiments, are used to "keep
predictions honest." Similarly, early-time, low mobility,
permeability prediction models used in formation testing, several
invented by one of the authors, are extended to handle supercharge
effects in overbalanced drilling and near-well pressure deficits
encountered in underbalanced drilling. These methods are also
motivated by reality. For instance, overpressures of 2,000 psi and
underpressures near 500 psi are routinely reported in field work,
thus imparting a special significance to the methods reported in
the book. This new volume discusses old problems and modern
challenges, formulates and develops advanced models applicable to
both drilling and petrophysical objectives. The presentation
focuses on central unifying physical models which are carefully
formulated and mathematically solved. The wealth of applications
examples and supporting software discussed provides readers with a
unified focus behind daily work activities, emphasizing common
features and themes rather than unrelated methods and work flows.
This comprehensive book is "must" reading for every petroleum
engineer.
Written by a leading industry specialist, a must-have for drilling
specialists, petroleum engineers, and field practitioners, this is
the only book providing practical, rigorous and validated models
for general annular flows, eccentric geometries, non-Newtonian
fluids, yield stresses, multiphase effects, and transient motions
and flow rates and includes new methods describing mudcake
integrity and pore pressure for blowout assessment. Wilson C. Chin
has written some of the most important and well-known books in the
petroleum industry. These books, whose research was funded by the
U.S. Department of Energy and several international petroleum
corporations, have set very high standards. Many algorithms are
used at leading oil service companies to support key drilling and
well logging applications. For the first time, the physical models
in these publications, founded on rigorous mathematics and
numerical methods, are now available to the broader industry:
students, petroleum engineers, drillers and faculty researchers.
The presentations are written in easy-to-understand language, with
few equations, offering simplified explanations of difficult
problems and solutions which provide key insights into downhole
physical phenomena through detailed tabulations and color graphics
displays. Practical applications, such as cuttings transport,
pressure control, mudcake integrity, formation effects in
unconventional applications, and so on, are addressed in great
detail, offering the most practical answers to everyday problems
that the engineer encounters. The book does not stop at annular
flow. In fact, the important role of mudcake growth and thickness
in enabling steady flow in the annulus is considered, as is the
role of (low) formation permeability in affecting mud filtration,
cake growth, and fluid sealing at the sandface. This is the first
publication addressing "the big picture," a "first" drawn from the
author's related research in multiple disciplines such as drilling
rheology, formation testing and reservoir simulation. A must-have
for any petroleum engineer, petroleum professional, or student,
this book is truly a groundbreaking volume that is sure to set new
standards.
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