In this volume an international cast of contributors analyze and discuss the role of societal actors in European integration from the creation of the present-day European Union in 1958 to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Based throughout on newly accessible sources the authors discuss a variety of societal actors from political parties to business groups and civil society organizations demonstrating the scope and limits of their role in European polity-building and policy-making before the Maastricht Treaty, with an outlook on the period since then. This is an important text for students and Scholars of European Studies, European Union Politics and contemporary History.

Contributors to this volume outline how societal actors have been closely involved in European integration from the founding of the EU to the Maastricht Treaty. Based on newly accessible sources, the authors discuss the participation of political parties, business groups and civil society organizations in European polity-building and policy-making.

The third international conference devoted to picosecond phenomena was held June 16-18, 1982 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany. Scientists from widely varying disciplines, physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers came together to share their common interest in picosecond and subpicosecond processes. The meeting attracted approximately 250 scientists from numerous countries around the globe. More than .100 papers were concerned with the latest advances in the ex- perimental and theoretical understanding of ultrafast phenomena. New dis- coveries in femtosecond and picosecond pulse generation and new results in chemical dynamics, solid-state physics, and nonlinear optics were presented. The quality of the scientific reports, the enthusiasm of the participating scientists, as well as the magnificent surroundings of the Bavarian alps guaranteed a successful and pleasant conference. Numerous people have helped to make the conference a success. Special thanks are due to Carin von Oberkamp for dOing a superb job in implementing the meeting arrangements and to the program committee for the selection and organisation of the scientific presentations. The financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and of the Bayerische Staatsministerium fUr Unterricht und Kultur is gratefully ack- nowledged.

The second international conference on the subject of Picosecond Phenomena was held June 18-20, 1980, in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Scientists from a broad range of disciplines were brought together to discuss their common interest in ultrafast processes. This meeting was organized as a Topical Meeting of the Optical Society of America and was attended by 250 partici pants. The conference reviewed the latest advances in the experimental and theo retical understanding of phenomena that occur on a picosecond timescale. New discoveries in electronics, chemical dynamics, solid state physics, and pico second optics highlighted the interactions between chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers who attended the conference. The enthusia m gener ated by the rapid progress in the last two years and the pleasant Cape Cod weather resulted in a successful and enjoyable conference. The conference owes a special thanks to Dr. Jarus Quinn, Joan Connon, and their colleagues at the Optical Society of America for doing a superb job in implementing the meeting arrangements and to the program committee for the selection and organization of the technical presentations. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, the u.S. Army Research Office, and the AFOSR."

Shows that networks in European integration governance were not a phenomenon that developed in the 1980s out of a 'hollowing out' of the nation-states in the 1970s. Based throughout on newly accessible sources, the authors discuss various networks and show how they contributed to constitutional choices and policy decisions after World War II.

European integration has had, and is continuing to have, an enormous impact on the state of Europe: through transforming the nation-state; creating new supranational institutions and joint policy-making; integrating markets and liberalizing trade; fiscal redistribution; and through fostering the formation of transnational elite networks and growing identification with Europe; but also through accentuating social friction; raising concerns about the remoteness of supranational policy-making and serving as a focal point for 'Eurosceptic' political mobilization. Thus, it is increasingly crucial for researchers, students and citizens to understand the complex history of the present-day European Union. This book provides them with a highly accessible state of the art introduction to how historians and social scientists have conceptualized, written about, and debated this increasingly shared contemporary history of Europe since World War II.

European integration has had, and is continuing to have, an enormous impact on the state of Europe: through transforming the nation-state; creating new supranational institutions and joint policy-making; integrating markets and liberalizing trade; fiscal redistribution; and through fostering the formation of transnational elite networks and growing identification with Europe; but also through accentuating social friction; raising concerns about the remoteness of supranational policy-making and serving as a focal point for 'Eurosceptic' political mobilization. Thus, it is increasingly crucial for researchers, students and citizens to understand the complex history of the present-day European Union. This book provides them with a highly accessible state of the art introduction to how historians and social scientists have conceptualized, written about, and debated this increasingly shared contemporary history of Europe since World War II.

Shows that networks in European integration governance were not a phenomenon that developed in the 1980s out of a 'hollowing out' of the nation-states in the 1970s. Based throughout on newly accessible sources, the authors discuss various networks and show how they contributed to constitutional choices and policy decisions after World War II.

In 1945 Britain was still a world power, but increasingly had to adapt its international commitments to the financial limitations, technological progress and external challenges of the bipolar post-war world. This was particularly the case during the premierships of Eden, Macmillan and Douglas Home from 1955 to 1964. The twelve chapters in this book analyze Britain's foreign policy making during this period, and its regional relationships in the world, providing the reader with an overview of Britain's foreign relations during this crucial transition.

British policy towards European integration has been one of the most divisive issues in British politics since 1945. Based on a detailed evaluation of the newly-accessible government records, of the Conservative Party records, private papers and interviews, this timely book analyses British European policy between 1945 and de Gaulle's veto against British EEC membership in 1963. It explores, in particular, the ambiguities in Britain's first EEC application of 1961. The epilogue highlights some of the most important continuities in British European policy until the present.

This book has been published to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Erasmus Prize and underline the importance of the four laureates who received the Prize in the jubileum year. Raymon Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Leszek Kolakowski and Marguerite Y ourcenarcan be considered four outstanding representatives of the unique European intellectual tradition that is characterised by its critical sense and respect for freedom of the individual. It is for this reason that they have been awarded the Erasmus Prize. The essays included in this book are devoted to these four personalities, a Frenchman strongly influenced by the German philosophical tradition, a Russian who has settled in Oxford, a philosopher banned from his native Poland, and a Frenchwoman of Belgian origin living in America. Each has demonstrated in his or her own way that the ideas on and ideals of European culture and tradition are oflasting value. Each recognizes that human values can only flourish in a pluralistic society, a society in which 'Ie juste milieu' must constantly be sought. The temptation to succumb to monistic, dogmatic and intolerant tendencies that continue to threaten our civilisation not only from the outside but also from within, must be continually resisted. The dignity of man reaches full maturity first and foremost in a society in which man is the moulder and maker of himself and freedom of the individual stands central.

Auf dem Gebiet der Nachrichtensatelliten hat sich eine ungewohnlich steile Entwicklung vollzogen. Erst 15 Jahre ist es her, seitdem der er- ste geostationare Nachrichtensatellit mit einer maximalen Kapazitat von damals nur 240 Fernsprechkanalen gestartet wurde, und inzwischen ist die Technik so weit fortgeschritten, dass der in Balde den Betrieb aufnehmende neueste Typ, INTELSAT V, bereits 12 000 Fernsprechsignale und 2 Fernsehprogramme gleichzeitig ubertragen kann. In Zukunft werden Nachrichtensatelliten mit noch grosserer Leistung, scharf bundelnden Antennen, hoher Ausrichtgenauigkeit und flexiblen Moglichkeiten des Vielfachzugriffs die Erde umkreisen, wobei der Trend zu grossen, auf Plattformen montierten Relaisstationen mit riesigen Solargeneratoren geht. Kommunikationssatelliten sind aber nicht nur zur Ubertragung von Fern- sprech- und Fernsehsignalen geeignet, sondern werden immer starker fur die Daten- und Textkommunikation, fur die elektronische Briefubermitt- lung und fur Konferenzschaltungen verwendet werden. Zu den vielfalti- gen Einsatzfallen gehoren auch die mobilen Dienste, die Verbindungen zu Schiffen und Flugzeugen und auch zwischen Satelliten umfassen. Daruber hinaus gibt es Satelliten zur Navigation und Erderkundung, ja selbst zur Gewinnung und elektrischen Ubertragung von Sonnenenergie zur Erde sind Satelliten im Gesprach.

Hans Marko Munich, Federal Republic of Germany 1. As a charter member of the "MUNCHNER KREIS" and the organizer of this symposium, I take pleasure in welcoming you to these rooms of the Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation. 2. I am pleased that we have succeeded in gathering together such a large and distinguished body of professionally qualified people to discuss new developments and directions in broadband communication. 3. This is the first symposium of the MUNCHNER KREIS, a supranational organization whose aim is to provide an international forum where not only the technical aspects but also the social and economic implications of new communications media might be discussed on an interdisciplinary basis. Professor Witte, Chairman of the MUNCHNER KREIS, will have more to say concerning the organization's goals. 4. The physical world in which is live is hallmarked by two major forces: energy and information. From the sociological and economic standpoints, they can equally be viewed as major needs. 5. Whereas in the energy sector there are restrictions and limitations that curb development at every turn, this is not the case in the information sector. On the contrary -information engineering offers a host of new possibilities, many of which are realizable now or in the near future, thanks to new technologies. Among the more obvious examples are semiconductor technology, electronic computers, satellite engineering, .

This book has been published to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Erasmus Prize and underline the importance of the four laureates who received the Prize in the jubileum year. Raymon Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Leszek Kolakowski and Marguerite Y ourcenarcan be considered four outstanding representatives of the unique European intellectual tradition that is characterised by its critical sense and respect for freedom of the individual. It is for this reason that they have been awarded the Erasmus Prize. The essays included in this book are devoted to these four personalities, a Frenchman strongly influenced by the German philosophical tradition, a Russian who has settled in Oxford, a philosopher banned from his native Poland, and a Frenchwoman of Belgian origin living in America. Each has demonstrated in his or her own way that the ideas on and ideals of European culture and tradition are oflasting value. Each recognizes that human values can only flourish in a pluralistic society, a society in which 'Ie juste milieu' must constantly be sought. The temptation to succumb to monistic, dogmatic and intolerant tendencies that continue to threaten our civilisation not only from the outside but also from within, must be continually resisted. The dignity of man reaches full maturity first and foremost in a society in which man is the moulder and maker of himself and freedom of the individual stands central.

Wolfgang Kaiser Die Technik der Telekornmunikation befindet sich derzeit in mehrfacher Hinsicht im Umbruch. Bestirnmend fUr dies en schnellen Wandel sind die in den letzten Jahren erzielten, graBen technologischen Innovations- schritte, allen voran die Fortschritte in der Mikroelektronik. Heute ist die Miniaturisierung der Halbleiterbausteine schon so weit fort- geschritten, daB auf einem Siliziurnchip mehrere hunderttausend Tran- sistorfunktionen verwirklicht werden konnen, und mit Zuversicht kann erwartet werden, daB in wenigen Jahren kostengUnstige Chips mit Million Funktionen zum Einsatz kornmen werden. In Fortsetzung der bisherigen Entwicklung wird sich auch in den kornmenden Jahren die Packungsdichte der digitalen Bausteine aile 2 - 3 Jahre verdoppeln, wahrendsich gleichzeitig die Kosten pro digi- taler Grundfunktion aile 2-3 Jahre halbieren. Daneben ist ein Trend zu irnmer hoheren Schaltgeschwindigkeiten erkennbar und die Leistungs- fahigkeit heutiger Ein-Chip-Mikrorechner ist bereits vergleichbar mit derjenigen von Mittel- und GroBrechnern der 60er Jahre. Damit eroffnen sich Moglichkeiten, die noch vor 1-2 Dekaden aus Auf- wandsgrUnden als utopisch angesehen werden muBten. Beispielsweise er- moglichen mikroelektronische Bausteine neue digitale Telekornmunika- tionssysteme, starker an den menschlichen Benutzer angepaBte Dienste und RechnerunterstUtzung fUr praktisch jedermann und an jedem art. Aber auch von der Satellitentechnik und insbesondere von der optischen Ubertragung von Nachrichtensignalen auf Glasfaserkabeln gehen starke innovatorische Impulse aus.

Das Gebiet der Telekommunikation befmdet sich derzeit in einer sttirmischen Entwick- lungsphase. Nach vielen Dekaden relativ besUindiger Weiterentwicklung treten wir in einen Zeitabschnitt ein, in dem sich groBe Vedinderungen abzeichnen. Das gilt sowohl fUr die neuen technischen Verfahren zur Nachrichtentibermittlung als auch die damit moglich gewordenen neuen Formen ihrer Nutzung. Unter dem Wort Breitbandkommu- nikation verstand man bis vor kurzem lediglich den Empfang von Horfunk-und Femseh- programmen, und dies meist nur mittels einer auf dem Hausdach montierten Antenne. Immer mehr Bundesbtirger sind aber bereits an ein Breitbandkabelnetz angeschlossen und konnen damit eine groBere Zahl von Programmen mit guter QualiHit empfangen. Von Monat zu Monat entstehen neue Inselnetze dieser Art, die im Laufe der Zeit zu re- gionalen N etzen zusammengeschlossen werden konnten. Durch RtickkanaJ.e, d. h. Ver- bindungen vom Teilnehmer zuriick zur Zentrale, lassen sich diese N etze mit relativ ge- ringem Aufwand so erweitem, daB ganz neue Formen der Nutzung von Breitbandkom- munikationsnetzen moglich werden.

In steigendem Masse hat die Telekommunikation einen tiefgreifenden Ein fluss auf unsere Gesellschaft, die Formen des Zusammenlebens und Zusam menwirkens in unserer arbeitsteiligen Welt und den erreichbaren Lebens standard. Neben Energie und Materie gilt Information als die dritte fundamentale Groesse fur die Gestaltung unseres Lebens. Die Bedeutung der Information nimmt von Jahr zu Jahr zu, und es steht zu erwarten, dass die Informationstechnik pragenden Einfluss auf die kommenden Jahrzehnte haben wird. Dabei versteht man unter dem Begriff Informationstechnik bzw. Telematik das Zusammenwirken von Informationsverarbeitung oder In formatik einerseits und Informationsubermittlung oder Telekommunikation andererseits. Deutlich erkennbar wachsen diese beiden Gebiete immer starker zusammen und bedingen sich gegenseitig. Der Zwang zur Innovation ist daher gerade hier besonders ausgepragt, wobei auf dem Weg in das Informationszeitalter die Mikroelektronik als Basisinnovation die Rolle des Wegbereiters ubernommen hat. Getragen wird diese Entwicklung aber von Menschen, namlich den Infor mationsgestaltern und -vermittlern einerseits und denjenigen, die den technischen Vorgang der Informationsubermittlung erst ermoeglichen. Zur ersten Gruppe zahlen die Autoren, Publizisten, Journalisten, Redakteure, Reporter, kurzum alle, die Informationen erzeugen und anbieten, zur zweiten Gruppe gehoeren die auf dem Gebiet der Telekommunikation tatigen Ingenieure, Forscher und Techniker. Der Kongress "Telekommunikation als Berufschance" ist der Berufswelt dieser beiden Gruppen gewidmet. Obwohl sie vom Ausbildungsgang und von der Tatigkeitsart her ganz verschieden sind, uben beide Berufsgruppen eine unverzichtbare Funktion im Dienste der Menschen und der Gesell schaft aus.

In neuerer Zeit ist das Wissen urn die Nutzung und die Auswirkungen neu- er Kommunikationssysteme hinter der rasanten Entwicklung der techni- schen Moglichkeiten deutlich zurlickgeblieben. 1m Jahr 1974 wurde daher auf Initiative von Personlichkeiten aus Wissenschaft, Politik, Wirt- schaft und den Hedien mit Unterstlitzung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften der I1UNCHNER KREIS als eine libernationale Vereinigung zur Kommunikationsforschung gegrlindet. Er hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, neben den mit der Einflihrung neuer Kommunikationsformen auftretenden technischen Fragen vor allem auch die menschlichen, gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Probleme zu erortern und Impulse zu geben. Dabei versucht er nicht nur eine Brlicke zwischen den angespro- chenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zu bilden, sondern beabsichtigt auch, die Diskussionen liber die Grenzen unseres Landes hinaus zu flihren. Nach dem im Jahr 1976 veranstalteten KongreB "Kommunikation und Demo- kratie" und dem im Jahr 1977 durchgeflihrten Symposium "Two-Way Cable Television" befaBte sich das diesjahrige Symposium mit dem Themenkreis "Elektronische Textkommunikation". Es fand vom 12. - 15. Juni 1978 mit mehr als 500 Teilnehmern in lvIlinchen statt. Von den vielen Moglichkeiten, die die Telekommunikation in bestehenden Netzen bietet, scheinen gerade die Formen der elektronischen Textkommu- nikation sowohl flir den privaten Benutzer als auch flir den Geschafts- teilnehmer von besonderem Interesse zu sein. Daher wurden auf dem dies- jahrigen Symposium sowohl die Arten der Textlibermittlung mit Wiederga- be auf dem Bildschirm des Heimfernsehempfangers (Videotext, Bildschirm- text, Kabeltext, elektronische Schreibtafelsysteme), als auch diejeni- gen mit Wiedergabe auf Papier (Blirofernschreiben, Fernkopieren) vorge- stellt.

Birds are among the most successful vertebrates on Earth. An important part of our natural environment and deeply embedded in our culture, birds are studied by more professional ornithologists and enjoyed by more amateur enthusiasts than ever before. However, both amateurs and professionals typically focus on birds' behaviour and appearance and only superficially understand the characteristics that make birds so unique. The Inner Bird introduces readers to the avian skeleton, then moves beyond anatomy to discuss the relationships between birds and dinosaurs and other early ancestors. Gary Kaiser examines the challenges scientists face in understanding avian evolution - even recent advances in biomolecular genetics have failed to provide a clear evolutionary story. Using examples from recently discovered fossils of birds and near-birds, Kaiser describes an avian history based on the gradual abandonment of dinosaur-like characteristics, and the related acquisition of avian characteristics such as sophisticated flight techniques and the production of large eggs. Such developments have enabled modern birds to invade the oceans and to exploit habitats that excluded dinosaurs for millions of years. While ornithology is a complex discipline that draws on many fields, it is nevertheless burdened with obsolete assumptions and archaic terminology. The Inner Bird offers modern interpretations for some of those ideas and links them to more current research. It should help anyone interested in birds to bridge the gap between long-dead fossils and the challenges faced by living species.

In this eWorkbook, you learn, and practice, techniques which will increase your self-confidence.

British policy towards European integration has been one of the most divisive issues in British politics since 1945. Based on a detailed evaluation of the newly accessible government records, of the Conservative Party records, private papers and interviews, this timely book analyses British European policy between 1945 and de Gaulle's veto against British EEC membership in 1963. It explores, in particular, the ambiguities in Britain's first EEC application of 1961. The epilogue highlights some of the most important continuities in British European policy until the present.