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The past two decades have witnessed a revolution in the earth
sciences. The quantitative, instrument-based measurements and
physical models of. geophysics, together with advances in
technology, have radically transformed the way in which the Earth,
and especially its crust, is described. The study of the magnetism
of the rocks of the Earth's crust has played a major part in this
transformation. Rocks, or more specifically their constituent
magnetic minerals, can be regarded as a measuring instrument
provided by nature, which can be employed in the service of the
earth sciences. Thus magnetic minerals are a recording
magnetometer; a goniometer or protractor, recording the directions
of flows, fields and forces; a clock; a recording thermometer; a
position recorder; astrain gauge; an instrument for geo logical
surveying; a tracer in climatology and hydrology; a tool in
petrology. No instrument is linear, or free from noise and
systematic errors, and the performance of nature's instrument must
be assessed and certified. This has been the task of the research
worker in rock and mineral magnetism."
On the 6th, 7th' and 8th April 1983, a conference entitled
"Magnetism, planetary rotation and convection in the Solar System"
was held in the School of Physics at the University of Newcastle
upon Tyne. The purpose of the meeting was to celebrate the 60th
birthday of Prof. Stanley Keith Runcorn and his, and his students'
and associates', several decades of scientific achievement. The
social programme, which consisted of excursions in Northumberland
and Durham with visits to ancient castles and churches, to Hexham
Abbey and Durham Cathedral, and dinners in Newcastle and Durham,
was greatly enjoyed by those attending the meeting and by their
guests. The success ofthe scientific programme can be judged by
this special edition of Geophysical Surveys which is derived mainly
from the papers given at the meeting. The story starts in the late
1940s when the question of the origin of the magnetic field of the
Earth and such other heavenly bodies as had at that time been
discovered as having a magnetic field, was exercising the minds of
several scientists; notably P. M. S. Blackett at Manchester, W. M.
Elsasser at the University of Pennsylvania and E. C. Bullard at
Cambridge. Two alternative mechanisms were proposed. In one the
magnetic field was in some way connected with the distributed
angular momentum of a rotating body; in the other, electric
currents in conducting parts within the body were proposed as the
source of magnetic field.
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