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The war on the Eastern Front during 1941-45 was an immense
struggle, running from the Barents Sea to the Caucasus Mountains.
The vast distances involved forced the Soviet political-military
leadership to resort to new organizational expedients in order to
control operations along the extended front. These were the high
commands of the directions, which were responsible for two or more
fronts (army groups) and, along maritime axes, one or more fleets.
In all, five high commands were created along the northwestern,
western, southwestern, and North Caucasus strategic directions
during 1941-42. However, the highly unfavourable strategic
situation during the first year of the war, as well as interference
in day-to-day operations by Stalin, severely limited the high
commands' effectiveness. As a consequence, the high commands were
abolished in mid-1942 and replaced by the more flexible system of
supreme command representatives at the front. A High Command of
Soviet Forces in the Far East was established in 1945 and oversaw
the Red Army's highly effective campaign against Japanese forces in
Manchuria. The Far Eastern High Command was briefly resurrected in
1947 as a response to the tense situation along the Korean
peninsula and the ongoing civil war in China, but was abolished in
1953, soon after Stalin's death. Growing tensions with China
brought about the recreation of the Far Eastern High Command in
1979, followed a few years later by the appearance of new high
commands in Europe and South Asia. However, these new high commands
did not long survive the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and
were abolished a year later. The book relies almost exclusively on
Soviet and post-communist archival and other sources and is the
first unclassified treatment of this subject in any country, East
or West.
The Russian Civil War was one of the most fateful of the 20th
century's military conflicts, a bloody three-year struggle whose
outcome saw the establishment of a totalitarian communist regime
within the former Russian Empire. As such, it commands the
attention of the military specialist and layman alike as we mark
the one hundredth anniversary of the war's end. This work is the
third volume of the three-volume Soviet official history of the
Russian Civil War, which appeared during 1928-1930, just before the
imposition of Stalinist orthodoxy. While the preceding volumes
focused on the minutiae of the Red Army's organizational
development and military art, this volume provides an in-depth
description and analysis of the of the civil war's major operations
along the numerous fronts, from the North Caucasus, the Don and
Volga rivers, the White Sea area, the Baltic States and Ukraine, as
well as Siberia and Poland. It also offers a well-argued case for
the political reasons behind the Bolsheviks' military strategy and
eventual success against their White opponents. And while it is a
certainly a partisan document with a definite political bias, it is
at the same time a straightforward military history that manages to
avoid many of the hoary myths that later came to dominate the
subject. As such, it is easily the most objective account of the
struggle to emerge from the Soviet Union before the collapse of the
communist system in 1991.
The proposed book investigates brain asymmetry from the perspective
of functional neural systems theory, a foundational approach for
the topic. There is currently no such book available on the market
and there is a need for a neuroscience book, with a focus on the
functional asymmetry of these two integrated and
dynamic brains using historical and modern clinical and
experimental research findings with the field. The book provides
evidence from multiple methodologies, including clinical lesion
studies, brain stimulation, and modern imaging techniques.
The author has successfully used the book in doctoral and advances
undergraduate courses on neuroscience and neuropsychology.Â
It has also been used to teach a course on the biological basis of
behavior and could be used in a variety of contexts and courses.
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The proposed book investigates brain asymmetry from the perspective
of functional neural systems theory, a foundational approach for
the topic. There is currently no such book available on the market
and there is a need for a neuroscience book, with a focus on the
functional asymmetry of these two integrated and dynamic brains
using historical and modern clinical and experimental research
findings with the field. The book provides evidence from multiple
methodologies, including clinical lesion studies, brain
stimulation, and modern imaging techniques. The author has
successfully used the book in doctoral and advances undergraduate
courses on neuroscience and neuropsychology. It has also been used
to teach a course on the biological basis of behavior and could be
used in a variety of contexts and courses.
Cumulative Prospect Theory is a popular model of risk preferences
in behavioral economics and generally proposed as a better
descriptive model than alternatives, and as an inferior normative
model to guide risky decisions. Models of Risk Preferences collects
studies that critically review these claims from the perspective of
experimental economics. The Research in Experimental Economics
series focuses on experimental and empirical investigations into
both the economic effects of the law and how economic theories can
explain the behavior of individuals within a legal system.
The Battle of Kursk: The Red Army's Defensive Operations and
Counter- Offensive, July-August 1943, offers a peculiarly Soviet
view of one of the Second World War's most critical events. While
the Germans defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad showed that Hitler
could not win the war in the East, the outcome of Kursk
demonstrated beyond a doubt that he would lose it. This study was
compiled by the Red Army General Staff's military-historical
directorate, which was charged with collecting and analyzing the
war's experience, and issued as an internal document in 1946-47.
The study languished for more than a half-century, before being
published in Russia in 2006, although heavily supplemented by
commentary and other information not contained in the original. The
present work omits these additions, while supplying its own
commentary in places deemed necessary. The book is divided into two
parts, dealing with the defensive and offensive phases of the
battle, respectively. The first begins with a strategic overview of
the situation along the Eastern Front by the spring and summer of
1943 and the Soviet decision to stand on the defensive. This is
followed by a detailed examination of the Central Front's efforts
to counter the expected German attack out of the Orel salient, and
the Voronezh Front's attempts to do the same against the German
concentrations in the Belgorod-Khar'kov area. The rest of this
section is devoted to an exceedingly detailed day-by-day,
tactical-operational account of the struggle, particularly along
the southern face of the salient, where the Germans came closest to
succeeding. The second part will be more of a revelation to the
Western reader, who is likely to be more familiar with the
defensive phase of the battle. Here the authors once again, in
great detail, lay out the Red Army's preparations for and conduct
of a massive counteroffensive to clear the Orel salient, which soon
degenerated to a grinding struggle, which while ultimately
successful, cost the Soviets dearly. Likewise, the authors detail
the Voronezh Front's preparations to reduce the Belgorod salient
and seize the industrial center of Khar'kov. This offensive, in
conjunction with a simultaneous offensive in the Donets industrial
region, pushed the German lines to the breaking point and set the
stage for the follow-on advance to the Dnepr River and the eventual
liberation of Ukraine.
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