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This volume analyzes changing relationships between religion and
national identity in the course of European integration. Examining
elite discourse, media debates and public opinions across Europe
over a decade, it explores how accelerated European integration and
Eastern enlargement have affected religious markers of collective
identity.
Rudolf Carnap was born on May 18, 1891, and Hans Reichenbach on
September 26 in the same year. They are two of the greatest
philosophers of this century, and they are eminent representatives
of what is perhaps the most powerful contemporary philosophical
movement. Moreover, they founded the journal Erkenntnis. This is
ample reason for presenting, on behalf of Erkenntnis, a collection
of essays in honor of them and their philosophical work. I am less
sure, however, whether it is a good time for resuming their
philosophical impact; their work still is rather part than
historical basis of the present philosophical melting-pot. Their
basic philosophical theses have currently, it may seem, not so high
a standing, but their impact can be seen in numerous detailed
issues; they have opened or pushed forward lively fields of
research which are still very actively pursued not only within
philosophy, but also in many neighboring disciplines. Whatever the
present balance of opinions about their philosophical ideas, there
is something even more basic in their philosophy than their tenets
which is as fresh, as stimulating, as exemplary as ever. I have in
mind their way of philosophizing, their conception of how to do
philosophy. It is always a good time for reinforcing that
conception; and if this volume would manage to do so, it would
fully serve its purpose.
This collection of essays is dedicated to 'Joe' Karel Lambert. The
contributors are all personally affected to Joe in some way or
other, but they are definitely not the only ones. Whatever excuses
there are - there are some -, the editors apologize to whomever
they have neglected. But even so the collection displays how
influential Karel Lambert has been, personally and through his
teaching and his writings. The display is in alphabetical order -
with one exception: Bas van Fraassen, being about the earliest
student of Karel Lambert, opens the collection with some
reminiscences. Naturally, one of the focal points of this volume is
Lambert's logical thinking and (or: freed of) ontological thinking.
Free logic is intimately connected with description theory. Bas van
Fraassen gives a survey of the development of the area, and Charles
Daniels points to difficulties with definite descriptions in modal
contexts and stories. Peter Woodruff addresses the relation between
free logic and supervaluation semantics, presenting a novel
condition which recovers desirable metatheoretic properties for
free logic under that semantics. Terence Parsons shows how free
logic can be utilized in interpreting sentences as purporting to
denote events (true ones succeed and false ones fail) and how this
helps to understand natural language.
It is an obvious fact that human agency is constrained and
structured by many kinds of rules: rules that are constitutive for
communication, morality, persons, and society, and juridical rules.
So the question is: what roles are played by social rules and the
structural traits of human agency in rational decision making? What
bearing does this have on the theory of practical rationality?
These issues can only be discussed within an interdisciplinary
setting, with researchers drawn from philosophy, decision theory
and the economic and social sciences. The problem is of profound,
fundamental concern to the social scientist and has attracted a
great deal of intellectual effort. Contributors include
distinguished researchers in their respective fields and the book
thus presents state-of-the-art theory. It can also be used as a
textbook in advanced philosophy, economics and social science
classes.
In this collection I present 16 of my, I feel, more substantial
papers on theoretical philosophy, 12 as originally published, one
co-authored with Ulrike Haas-Spohn (Chapter14), one (Chapter 15)
that was a brief conference commentary, but is in fact a suitable
appendix to Chapter 14, one as a translation of a German paper
(Chapter 12), and one newly written for this volume (Chapter 16),
which, however, is only my recent attempt to properly and
completely express an argument I had given in two earlier papers. I
gratefully acknowledge permission of reprint from the relevant
publishers at the beginning of each paper. In disciplinary terms
the papers cover epistemology, general philosophy of science,
philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The section titles
Belief, Causation, Laws, Coherence, and Concepts and the paper
titles give a more adequate impression of the topics dealt with.
The papers are tightly connected. I feel they might be even read as
unfolding a program, though this program was never fully clear in
my mind and still isn't. In the Introduction I attempt to describe
what this program might be, thus drawing a reconstructed red
thread, or rather two red threads, through all the papers. This
will serve, at the same time, as an overview over the papers
collected.
It is an obvious fact that human agency is constrained and
structured by many kinds of rules: rules that are constitutive for
communication, morality, persons, and society, and juridical rules.
So the question is: what roles are played by social rules and the
structural traits of human agency in rational decision making? What
bearing does this have on the theory of practical rationality?
These issues can only be discussed within an interdisciplinary
setting, with researchers drawn from philosophy, decision theory
and the economic and social sciences. The problem is of profound,
fundamental concern to the social scientist and has attracted a
great deal of intellectual effort. Contributors include
distinguished researchers in their respective fields and the book
thus presents state-of-the-art theory. It can also be used as a
textbook in advanced philosophy, economics and social science
classes.
This collection of essays is dedicated to 'Joe' Karel Lambert. The
contributors are all personally affected to Joe in some way or
other, but they are definitely not the only ones. Whatever excuses
there are - there are some -, the editors apologize to whomever
they have neglected. But even so the collection displays how
influential Karel Lambert has been, personally and through his
teaching and his writings. The display is in alphabetical order -
with one exception: Bas van Fraassen, being about the earliest
student of Karel Lambert, opens the collection with some
reminiscences. Naturally, one of the focal points of this volume is
Lambert's logical thinking and (or: freed of) ontological thinking.
Free logic is intimately connected with description theory. Bas van
Fraassen gives a survey of the development of the area, and Charles
Daniels points to difficulties with definite descriptions in modal
contexts and stories. Peter Woodruff addresses the relation between
free logic and supervaluation semantics, presenting a novel
condition which recovers desirable metatheoretic properties for
free logic under that semantics. Terence Parsons shows how free
logic can be utilized in interpreting sentences as purporting to
denote events (true ones succeed and false ones fail) and how this
helps to understand natural language.
Rudolf Carnap was born on May 18, 1891, and Hans Reichenbach on
September 26 in the same year. They are two of the greatest
philosophers of this century, and they are eminent representatives
of what is perhaps the most powerful contemporary philosophical
movement. Moreover, they founded the journal Erkenntnis. This is
ample reason for presenting, on behalf of Erkenntnis, a collection
of essays in honor of them and their philosophical work. I am less
sure, however, whether it is a good time for resuming their
philosophical impact; their work still is rather part than
historical basis of the present philosophical melting-pot. Their
basic philosophical theses have currently, it may seem, not so high
a standing, but their impact can be seen in numerous detailed
issues; they have opened or pushed forward lively fields of
research which are still very actively pursued not only within
philosophy, but also in many neighboring disciplines. Whatever the
present balance of opinions about their philosophical ideas, there
is something even more basic in their philosophy than their tenets
which is as fresh, as stimulating, as exemplary as ever. I have in
mind their way of philosophizing, their conception of how to do
philosophy. It is always a good time for reinforcing that
conception; and if this volume would manage to do so, it would
fully serve its purpose.
This volume consists of essays from a colloquium about "philosophy
of economics" held at the.University of l1unich in July, 1981. They
are contributions to an enterprise which in some respects is
long-standing and in other respects is new. The long-standing
enterprise is to somehow establish decision theory and its kindred
disciplines as the basis of economic theory from which its other
parts might be shown to follow. The new enterprise is to apply
(some of) the latest methods of phi. losophy of science to economic
theory. By "philosophy of science" we do not mean h: istory of
science and the like; rather we mean a reconstructive proce dure
which clarifies and deepens the understanding of the science under
investigation. By "the latest methods" we refer to the
structuralist view which has emerged in the last fifteen years, and
which has been success fully applied most notably to physical
theories. Economics being rather like a stepchild of a
reconstructivist philo sophy of science, we think much of the
interest of this volume to lie just in its attending to the newer
enterprise_ We are happy to have brought together at the colloquium
some of the few philosophers of scien ce working in. this field who
share this common goal, and we hope that their essays will
stimulate further work. -The contributions to the long-standing
enterprise, though perhaps not as urgent, are no less valuable."
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