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Seven years have elapsed since Dr. Renee Ford, editor-in-chief of
Materials Technology, first suggested to me to publish a book on
Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). She said that the FGM
concept, then largely unknown outside of Japan and a relatively few
laboratories elsewhere, would be of great interest to everyone
working in the materials field because of its potentially universal
applicability. There was no book about FGMs in English at that
time, although the number of research papers, review articles, and
FGM conference proceedings had been increasing yearly. We discussed
what the book should cover, and decided it should present a
comprehensive description from basic theory to the most recent
applications of FGMs. This would make it useful both as an
introduction to FGMs for those simply curious about what this new
materials field was all about, and also as a textbook for
researchers, engineers, and graduate students in various material
fields. The FGM Forum in Japan generously offered to support this
publication program. is very difficult for an individual author to
write a book that Because it covers such a wide range of various
aspects of many different materials, I invited more than 30 eminent
materials scientists throughout the world, who were associated with
FGM research, to contribute selected topics. I also asked several
leading researchers in this field to edit selected chapters: Dr.
Barry H. Rabin, then at the U. S.
In a Functionally Graded Material (FGM), the composition and
structure gradually change over volume, resulting in corresponding
changes in the properties of the material. By applying the many
possibilities inherent in the FGM concept, it is anticipated that
materials will be improved and new functions for them created. A
comprehensive description of design, modelling, processing, and
evaluation of FGMs as well as their applications is covered in this
book. In the simplest FGMs, two different material ingredients
change gradually from one to the other. Discontinuous changes such
as a stepwise gradation of the material ingredients can also be
considered an FGM. The most familiar FGM is compositionally graded
from a refractory ceramic to a metal. It can incorporate
incompatible functions such as the heat, wear, and oxidation
resistance of ceramics and the high toughness, high strength,
machinability and bonding capability of metals without severe
internal thermal stress. Pores are also important material
ingredients for FGMs. The gradual increase of pore distribution
from the interior to the surface can impart many properties such as
mechanical shock resistance, thermal insulation, catalytic
efficiency and relaxation of thermal stress. Even if the gradation
of material ingredients is limited to a specific location in the
material such as the interface, a joint, or a surface, it can be
considered a functionally graded material because it includes the
FGM concept. Although the FGM concept can be extended to materials
with functions that are designed to change gradually over time or
with changes in environmental conditions (e.g. a drug delivery
system), these time-dependent functions areproduced by tailoring
the spatial distribution of the material ingredients. The
production of multiple or new functions with graded structures
rather than the graded material itself is the basis of the FGM
concept reflected in this book.
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