Parameters such as membrane transport, metabolism and protein incorporation govern the fate of amino acids in living tissue. Is it possible to use positron tomography to measure some of them, and what is their meaning in normal and pathological situations? These questions have been addressed for a long time and no satisfactory answer has yet been given. This book, which derives from an EEC workshop organized in the frame of the Concerted Action on "PET Investigation of Cellular Regeneration and Degeneration", held in Lyon in February 1992, gives the present state of knowledge in this field based on the most recent studies. Contributions from 24 leading European and American scientists are presented and discussed.

Quantum dots, often denoted artificial atoms, are the exquisite tools by which quantum behavior can be probed on a scale appreciably larger than the atomic scale, that is on the nanometer scale. In this way, the physics of the devices is closer to classical physics than that of atomic physics but they are still sufficiently small to clearly exhibit quantum phenomena. The present volume is devoted to an introduction to some of these fascinating aspects, addressing in particular graduate students and young researchers in the field. In the first lecture by R. Shankar, the general theoretical aspects of Fermi liquids are addressed, in particular the renormalization group approach. This is then aptly applied to large quantum dots. A completely different approach is encountered in the second contribution by J.M. Elzerman et al., in that it is a thorough experimental expose of what can be done or expected in the study of small quantum dots. Here the emphasis lies on the electron spin to be used as a qubit. In the third lecture series by M. Pustilnik and Leonid I. Glazman, mechanisms of low-temperature electronic transport through a quantum dot a" weakly coupled to two conducting leads a" are reviewed. The fourth series of lectures, by C.W.J. Beenakker, deals with a very interesting aspect of nanophysics: a peculiar property of superconducting mirrors discovered by Andreev about forty years ago and still a challenge to experimental physicists.

Neurological applications of PET include using it to identify Alzheimer's Disease, including differentiating between other forms of Dementia, to show causes of seizures that were otherwise unclear, and to diagnose psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia. Although other books on PET may have a chapter or section on neurological applications, this is the only comprehensive and up-to-date book on neurological PET. It reviews PET in neuroscience with particular emphasis on findings that indicate its potential for improving diagnosis and treatment in neurology and psychiatry. Improving the transfer of the huge scientific developments in brain PET into clinical care will produce tangible human benefit. To this end, NeuroPET focuses on practical and potentially clinically relevant issues and identify solid ground as well as open questions. In addition, the book includes major chapters on the methodological background, including tracer physiology and kinetic modeling, and a comprehensive literature review. Included in this extremely useful package is a CD-ROM that features video clips and interactive navigation in 3D data sets that illustrate the information contained in PET images in major neurological diseases and its potential to improve diagnosis and neurosurgical planning in brain tumors.

Neurological applications of PET include using itto identify Alzheimer's Disease, including differentiating between other forms of Dementia, to show causes of seizures that were otherwise unclear, and to diagnose psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia. Although other books on PET may have a chapter or section on neurological applications, this is the only comprehensive and up-to-date book on neurological PET. It reviews PET in neuroscience with particular emphasis on findings that indicate its potential for improving diagnosis and treatment in neurology and psychiatry. Improving the transfer of the huge scientific developments in brain PET into clinical carewill produce tangible human benefit. To this end, "NeuroPET" focuses on practical and potentially clinically relevant issues and identify solid ground as well as open questions. In addition, the book includes major chapters on the methodological background, including tracer physiology and kinetic modeling, and a comprehensive literature review."

The series of workshops sponsored by the European Communities started with "Methodology of PET" at Hammersmith Hospital, London, in March 1984. This was followed by "Radiochemistry, Methodology and Standardization in PET" at the Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot in Orsay, France, in March 1985. Both these meetings were, in the opinion of all participants, great successes, and it was agreed that such work shops should continue and be organized on the same basis. After these two workshops on the fundamentals of PET, time now is ripe to evaluate the clinical efficacy of PET investigations, and to discuss to what extend the information provided by this high technology and theoretical area has contributed to the understanding of disease mechanisms, leading to immediate clinical applications. As pointed out in the previous meetings, PET using short-lived radioisotopes produced in an on-line cyclotron is restricted to a few centers. Therefore, the topics studied so far were mainly of scientific interest and clinical problems were dealt with only marginally. Before this costly technique can be spread and new information made accessible to a broader clinical clientele, its clinical value must be demonstrat ed. So far, in the majority of studies, the central nervous system was the primary target organ, and PET has contributed a great deal to our understanding of brain physiology and pathology. Also on the heart, a substantial number of studies have been performed in various centers, but the application of PET to this organ is still somewhat limited."

Parameters such as membrane transport, metabolism and protein incorporation govern the fate of amino acids in living tissue. Is it possible to use positron tomography to measure some of them, and what is their meaning in normal and pathological situations? These questions have been addressed for a long time and no satisfactory answer has yet been given. This book, which derives from an EEC workshop organized in the frame of the Concerted Action on PET Investigation of Cellular Regeneration and Degeneration', held in Lyon in February 1992, gives the present state of knowledge in this field based on the most recent studies. Contributions from 24 leading European and American scientists are presented and discussed in the following four parts: biochemistry and animal studies; amino acids labelling with positron emittors, quality control and metabolites measurement; kinetic modelling of amino acids transport, metabolism, and protein incorporation; clinical use of amino acids. This book will aid and interest biochemists, radiochemists, pharmacologists, neurologists, oncologists and medical imaging scientists.

Der hier vorgelegte Atlas der Positronen-Emis- This atlas of positron emISSIOn tomography sions-Tomographie (PET) des Gehirns solI an- (PET) of the brain, with its many illustrations, hand von Bildbeispielen einen Uberblick tiber die is designed to give an overall impression of the Leistungsfahigkeit dieser aufwendigen Technik efficiency of this method in demonstrating physi- ologic and pathologic changes in the central ner- bei der Darstellung von physiologischen und vous system. In view of the rapid and multifa- pathologischen Veranderungen im Zentralner- vensystem vermitteln. Wegen der raschen und ceted development of PET, it seemed unrealistic vielseitigen Entwicklung der PET muBte von to attempt a comprehensive review of all the ap- vornherein auf Vollstandigkeit der Darstellung plications still in developmental or even in experi- aller in Entwicklung oder erster Erprobung be- mental stages. Attention has therefore been fo- findlicher Anwendungen verzichtet werden. Es cused on those methods which are already in rela- wurde daher ein Schwerpunkt auf die Methoden tively widespread clinical use and which are pro- gesetzt, die schon breiter klinisch angewandt wer- viding relevant findings on the pathogenesis and den und relevante Befunde tiber Pathogenese und development of diseases of the brain. Investiga- 15 Verlauf von Erkrankungen des Gehirns liefern.

Quantum dots, sometimes called artificial atoms, are exquisite tools by which quantum behavior can be probed on a larger scale than the atomic, namely on the nanometer scale. While the physics exhibited by these devices is closer to classical than atomic physics, quantum dots are still sufficiently small to clearly exhibit quantum phenomena. This volume, intended for graduate students and young researchers, offers an introduction to many of these fascinating aspects. In the first lecture, R. Shankar treats the general theoretical aspects of Fermi liquids, in particular the renormalization group approach, and then applies this to large quantum dots. A completely different approach is encountered in the second contribution, by J.M. Elzerman et al., which thoroughly details current and likely experimental developments in the study of small quantum dots. Here the emphasis lies on the electron spin which is to be used as a qubit. In the third lecture series, by M. Pustilnik and Leonid I. Glazman, mechanisms of low-temperature electronic transport through a quantum dot -- weakly coupled to two conducting leads -- are reviewed. The fourth and final lecture series, by C.W.J. Beenakker, deals with a peculiar property of superconducting mirrors, a very interesting aspect of nanophysics discovered by Andreev about forty years ago and still a challenge to experimental physicists.

This book contains the contributions to the symposium "Functional Mapping of the Brain in Vascular Disorders", held at the Thirteenth World Congress of Neurology, Sep- tember 1-6, 1985 in Hamburg, FRG. I have to thank the contributors to this symposium for submitting their manu- scripts long before the congress so that the printed procee- dings could be distributed to the audience. I hope that this will enable the participants in this symposium not only to recall the vivid presentation of the lectures and the highlights of the discussions, but also to widen their knowlegde of the topics dealt with during the symposium by rereading the chapters on the various issues. I would also like to express my thanks to the company UCB, Kerpen, FRG, who sup- ported the symposium and the printing of these proceedings. W. -D. HEISS Cologne, July 1985 Contents The Purpose of Functional Mapping in Focal Cerebral Ischemia W. -D. Heiss ...1 Positron Emission Tomography Versus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging? M. M. Ter-Pogossian (With 1 Figure) ...5 Aims on Phosphorus-3l Magnetic Resonance Imaging K. Kogure, H. Ohtomo, S. Matsui, and H. Kohno (With 10 Figures) ...1 5 In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sodium-23 in the Human Head S. K. Hilal, A. A. Maudsley, J. B. Ra, H. E. Simon, P. Roschmann, S. Wittekoek, Z. H. Cho, and S. K. Mun (With 5 Figures) ...29 Uncoupling of Flow and Metabolism in Infarcted Tissue T. Jones, R. J. S. Wise, R. S. J. Frackowiak, J. M.

The International Symposium on Positron Emission Tomography of the Brain was held at Schloss Auel in Lohmar, near Cologne, FRG, on May 3rd to 8th, 1982. This isolated place was chosen to bring together and keep together people active in research employing PET. The partic ipants were asked to report their ongoing work, to discuss upcoming problems, and to indicate future developments. In contrast to the large international meetings which suffer from lack of time for discussion and are affected by the distractions of major cities, our symposium provided ample opportunity for discussion during the scientific sessions and guaranteed a free exchange of ideas during the leisure time spent to gether. It also gave us the chance to celebrate the founding of a new Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, whose two depart ments are headed by Dr. K. -A. Hossmann and myself, and to mark the start of positron emission tomography in our laboratory. The book contains the invited papers presented at the meeting and the formal minipapers given at the final general discussion, moderated su perbly by Dr. L. Sokoloff. In order to accelerate publication, the discus sions of the individual papers and the final discussion have been omit ted. However, every participant will remember the atmosphere and the highlights of the discussions, which gave a special character to the whole event."

Der Schlaganfall - obwohl dritthaufigste Todesursache in den Industrielandern und mit den hoechsten Folgekosten verbunden - wird haufig als nicht behandelbares schicksalshaftes Ereignis angesehen. Das Buch beschreibt die im deutschen Sprachraum vertretenen Auffassungen und ublichen Strategien fur Diagnostik und Therapie und grenzt sich dadurch zur angloamerikanischen Literatur ab. Damit ist es das umfassende Standardwerk uber akute zerebrovaskulare Erkrankungen aus zentraleuropaischer Sicht.

Das vorliegende Buch enthalt die zum Teil erweiterten Referate eines Symposions in Kairo im November 1983 zum Thema "Par kinson pIus." Die Beitrage befaBten sich mit der Bedeutung extranigraler Himveranderungen und der mit ihnen assoziierten Himfunk tionsstorungen fur das Erscheinungsbild, den Verlauf und die therapeutische BeeinfluBbarkeit des Parkinson-Syndroms. Diese Problematik gewinnt mit der steigenden Zahllangzeit behandelter Parkinson-Kranker zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies bestatigten auch die lebhaften Diskussionen, die sich an die ver schiedenen Beitrage anschlossen. Die Referate des Symposions gaben eine Standortbestimmung bezuglich der Kenntnisse uber dieses neue Feld der Parkinsonforschung. Themen fur weitere wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und Ansatze fur neue zusatz liche Behandlungsverfahren wurden deutlich. Das Symposion war durch die Unterstutzung der Firma UCB moglich. Eine hervorragende Organisation, die den Herren Dr. THIEDE und HANSEN und ihren Mitarbeitem zu danken ist, ermog lichte emen intensiven wissenschaftlichen Gedankenaustausch und unvergeBliche Eindrucke von einem faszinierenden Land. Frankfurt, im Juni 1984 P.-A. FISCHER Inhaltsverzeichnis Parkinson pIus - Einleitung und Definition P.-A. FISCHER ........... . 1 Ergebnisse der medikamentosen Parkinson-Therapie. Modiflzierende und limitierende Faktoren P.-A. FISCHER, E. SCHNEIDER und P. JACOBI (Mit 3 Abbildungen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Klinische Neuropathologie des Parkinson-Syndroms - Proteintyp und Dopamintyp der Demelaninisierung H. JACOB und T. KAWAGOE (Mit 8 Abbildungen) 18 Extranigrale Himveranderungen beim Parkinson-Syndrom."