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In recent years, much concern has been expressed on the deleterious
effects that anthropogenic emissions of acidic pollutants have on
ecosystems of both industrialized countries and remote areas of the
world. In many of these regions, seasonal snowcover is a major
factor in the transfer of atmospheric pollutants, either to
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems or to the more permanent
reservoirs of glaciers and ice sheets. The recognition of the role
that seasonal snowcovers can thus play in the chemical dynamics of
whole ecosystems was recently echoed by the Committee on Glaciology
of the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences,
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine)
which recommended that studies on "Impurities in the snowpack,
their discharge into runoff, and management of the problem" be
rated at the highest prority level (ref. a). It is in this context
that the Advanced Research Institute (ASI) brought together
scientists active in the fields of snow physics, snow chemistry and
snow hydrology. The programme was structured so as to facilitate
the exchange of information and ideas on the theories for the
chemical evolution of seasonal snowcovers and snowmelt and on the
impact of the chemical composition of the meltwaters on the
different components of hydrological systems. As a consequence the
ASI also attracted participants from potential users of the
information that was disseminated; these were particularly
concerned with the effects of snowmelt and snowcover on terrestrial
biota and those of lakes and streams.
This ASI was planned to make a major contribution to the teaching
of the principles and methods used in liquid phase ~esearch and to
encourage the setting up of collaborative projects, as advocated by
the European Molecular Liquids Group (secretary: Dr J. Yarwood,
University of Durham, U. K. ). During the past five years
considerable progress has been made in studying molecular liquids.
The undoubted advantages of international collaboration led to the
formation of the European Molecular Liquids Group (EMLG) in July
1981. The activities of the EMLG were widely disseminated in a
special session of the European Congress on Molecular Spectroscopy
(EUCMOS) held in September 1981 (for details, see J. Mol.
Structure, 80 (1982) 375 - 421). Following the success of this
meeting, it was thought that the aims and objectives of the E~G
would be best served by the organisation of a broader-based
gathering designed to attract those interested in the study of the
structure, dynamics and interactions in the liquid state. Thanks to
the generous support by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, it
was possible to hold a NATO ASI on Molecular Liquids at the Italian
Centre of Stanford University, Florence, Italy during June-July
1983. This book is based on the lectures presented at that meeting.
The contents of this volume cover the three broad areas of current
liquid phase research: (a) Analytical theory.
The matrix isolation (MI) method has now been used for nearly
thirty years. During this period it has been actively developed and
the range of problems tackled greatly extended. Originally it was
used for studies of transient species involv ing vibrational,
electronic and ESR spectroscopy. Nowadays the study of transient
species forms a comparatively small part of HI work since it has
been amply demonstrated that very fruitful information can be
obtained of the structure and interactions of stable molecules and
their aggregates. In addition to the s ectroscopic methods
mentioned above the MI technique is nowadays a standard method in
research based on vibrational relaxation, luminescence, Mossbauer,
magnetic circular dichroism, pulsed NMR and photoelectron
spectroscopy. The matrix isolation technique affords considerable
advantages over more conventional methods in most applications of
spectroscopy. Areas where the technique has been widely applied, or
shows great potential, include: metal atom chemistry, and its
relation to surface chemistry, high temperature inorganic species,
transition metal complexes, interstellar species, free radicals and
unstable molecules, conformational studies, molecular com plexes,
and intermolecular forces."
In recent years, much concern has been expressed on the deleterious
effects that anthropogenic emissions of acidic pollutants have on
ecosystems of both industrialized countries and remote areas of the
world. In many of these regions, seasonal snowcover is a major
factor in the transfer of atmospheric pollutants, either to
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems or to the more permanent
reservoirs of glaciers and ice sheets. The recognition of the role
that seasonal snowcovers can thus play in the chemical dynamics of
whole ecosystems was recently echoed by the Committee on Glaciology
of the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences,
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine)
which recommended that studies on "Impurities in the snowpack,
their discharge into runoff, and management of the problem" be
rated at the highest prority level (ref. a). It is in this context
that the Advanced Research Institute (ASI) brought together
scientists active in the fields of snow physics, snow chemistry and
snow hydrology. The programme was structured so as to facilitate
the exchange of information and ideas on the theories for the
chemical evolution of seasonal snowcovers and snowmelt and on the
impact of the chemical composition of the meltwaters on the
different components of hydrological systems. As a consequence the
ASI also attracted participants from potential users of the
information that was disseminated; these were particularly
concerned with the effects of snowmelt and snowcover on terrestrial
biota and those of lakes and streams.
The matrix isolation (MI) method has now been used for nearly
thirty years. During this period it has been actively developed and
the range of problems tackled greatly extended. Originally it was
used for studies of transient species involv ing vibrational,
electronic and ESR spectroscopy. Nowadays the study of transient
species forms a comparatively small part of HI work since it has
been amply demonstrated that very fruitful information can be
obtained of the structure and interactions of stable molecules and
their aggregates. In addition to the s ectroscopic methods
mentioned above the MI technique is nowadays a standard method in
research based on vibrational relaxation, luminescence, Mossbauer,
magnetic circular dichroism, pulsed NMR and photoelectron
spectroscopy. The matrix isolation technique affords considerable
advantages over more conventional methods in most applications of
spectroscopy. Areas where the technique has been widely applied, or
shows great potential, include: metal atom chemistry, and its
relation to surface chemistry, high temperature inorganic species,
transition metal complexes, interstellar species, free radicals and
unstable molecules, conformational studies, molecular com plexes,
and intermolecular forces."
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