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Snakeheads (family Channidae) are airbreathing freshwater fishes
containing two genera, Channa with 26 species native to Asia,
Malaysia, and Indonesia; and Parachanna with 3 species native to
tropical Africa. Some snakeheads are small, reaching about 17
centimeters, but most are much larger, the largest reported to be
1.8 meters in length. All are considered thrust predators with most
being piscivorous as adults. A few of the smaller snakeheads and
colorful juveniles of some larger ones have been available to
hobbyists through the aquarium fish trade. Several species are
highly valued as food fishes within parts of their native ranges,
especially in Asia where they are an important part of capture
fisheries and aquaculture. Because of these uses by humans,
introductions far beyond native ranges have occurred. One Asian
snakehead has been established in Oahu, Hawaii, since before 1900.
Another species was discovered established in southeastern Florida
in 2000, and a third in a pond in Maryland in 2002. Others have
been captured from natural waters of the United States without
evidence of reproduction and likely represent released aquarium
fishes. That snakeheads at or near sexual maturity were being sold
alive in ethnic food markets raised fears that they could be
introduced into novel waters. These concerns led to this study on
the biology of snakeheads. A risk assessment is included that
examines environmental and related aspects of snakehead
introductions.
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