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The modern Marine Corps owwes its genesis to the Spanish-American
War when the United States entered the world stage. Upon
examination of the historical literature of the war, a trove of new
writings (and some old) deserved further exploitation. And thus,
this anthology.
The author first served with Vietnamese Marines in 1972 when they
came on board the U.S. Navy ships that Battalion Landing Team 1/9
was embarked on. They were preparing for an amphibious landing to
counter the North Vietnamese Army's Spring Offensive in Military
Region 1 (I Corps) in South Vietnam. They brought with them their
U.S. Marine advisors who were known by the senior members of the
battalion. They had already witnessed or heard of the exploits of
then-Captain John Ripley and Lieutenant Colonel Gerry Turley in
blunting the initial attacks of the Easter Offensive. As the
Vietnamese were formed into helicopter or boat teams and fed a meal
before going ashore, they bantered with the American Marines and
Sailors, telling them to come along to "kill communists." After a
turbulent start to the offensive, the Vietnamese Marines exhibited
the fighting spirit that elite units create for themselves. This
was reflected in the various names of their battalions that were
the focus of their unit identification. The infantry battalions had
a series of nicknames and slogans that were reflected on their unit
insignia: 1st Battalion's "Wild Bird," 2d Battalion's "Crazy
Buffalo," 3d Battalion's "SeaWolf," 4th Battalion's "Killer Shark,"
5th Battalion's "Black Dragon," 6th Battalion's "Sacred Bird," 7th
Battalion's "Black Tiger," 8th Battalion's "Sea Eagle," and 9th
Battalion's "Mighty Tiger." For the artillery units, this was the
1st Battalion's "Lightning Fire," 2d Battalion's "Sacred Arrow,"
and 3d Battalion's "Sacred Bow." Support and service battalions
followed this example as well. The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade
and its embarked troops provided helicopters, amphibious tractors,
and landing craft support for a series of attacks leading to the
recapture of Quang Tri City through the fall of 1972. In addition,
command and control facilities and liaison were provided to the
Republic of Vietnam's I Corps and Military Advisory Command
Vietnam's 1st Regional Advisory Command in the sustained
counteroffensive. This reinforced the impression made by the
Vietnamese Marines themselves. This began the interest in the story
that follows. The period after World War II saw a number of
associated Marine Corps formed in the republics of China, Korea,
Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. They had been
founded, with the help of foreign military aid, to fight the
various conflicts to contain communist expansion in the region.
Also present at various times were other Marines from the
Netherlands, France, and Great Britain. The beginnings of the Cold
War witnessed this proliferation of amphibious forces in Asia, in
part because of the reputation the U.S. Marines had earned in the
cross Pacific drive against Japan and in other postwar
confrontations. This is about one of them, the Vietnamese Marine
Corps or Thuy Quan Luc Chien (TQLC). This occasional paper provides
documents on the topics of the Vietnamese Marines and the U.S.
Marine Advisory Unit from this period.
The History Division has undertaken the publication of various
studies, theses, compilations, bibliographies, monographs, and
memoirs, as well as proceedings at selected workshops, seminars,
symposia, and similar colloquia, which it considers to be of
significant value for audiences interested in Marine Corps history.
These "Occasional Papers," which are chosen for their intrinsic
worth, must reflect structured research, present a contribution to
historical knowledge not readily available in published sources,
and reflect original content on the part of the author, compiler,
or editor. It is the intent of the division that these occasional
papers be distributed to select institutions such as service
schools, official Department of Defense historical agencies, and
directly concerned Marine Corps organizations, so the information
contained therein will be available for study and exploitation.
This volume presents a collection of 47 articles describing
different aspects of U.S. Marine Corps participation in Operation
Iraqi Freedom during 2003. As with the previously published
anthologies on the Spanish American, Vietnam, and Persian Gulf
Wars, our intent is to provide a general overview that will serve
as an interim resource for educating Marines and informing the
public about the conflict, until the History Division completes an
intended series of monographs dealing with major Marine Corps
operations in that campaign. As the operational environment
continues to mature, the authors' varied accounts will also serve
as an introduction to changing tactics and strategies encountered
or developed by Marines conducting stability and support operations
in Iraq. Subsequent volumes will cover other campaigns being
conducted elsewhere during the Global War on Terrorism.
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