Warren Samuels's second and concluding selection of essays focuses on early 20th century economists who, while relatively well-known in their times, have tended to be obscured by the more prominent stars of the discipline. It illustrates that economics is more diverse and complex than conventional histories of economic thought tend to identify. In particular it includes contributions on those economists who were not in the mainstream, or, if in the mainstream, practised economics in a somewhat alternative manner. Warren Samuels has assembled a collection of essays on thirteen economists - six German and seven Italian - who remain noteworthy of study to this day. The economists featured in the volume represent a variety of ways of practising economics - theoretical, methodological and policy-orientated - who all contributed to the understanding of economic processes and institutions at the deepest levels. European Economists of the Early 20th Century will appeal to all those with an interest in the philosophy and evolution of economics and to historians of economic thought.

This stimulating and authoritative book features original essays from leading scholars in the discipline - each of whom addresses the question: how should economists do economics? What emerges is a diverse, constructive commentary on how economics is done and how it should be done.Leading thinkers from a wide variety of perspectives and fields address issues such as the scope of economics, the corpus of theory and its stature, the process of theory construction, the place of mathematical formalism, the role of quantitative analysis, the place of institutions in economic analysis, and, inter alia, technical methods of research. Foundations of Research in Economics: How do Economists do Economics? brings together some of the leading figures from many different schools of thought. This volume ranges across all aspects of professional discourse, ensuring that it will be widely read by economists active in many different areas of research while being of particular interest to economic theorists, methodologists and historians of economics.

American Economists of the Late Twentieth Century is a collection of essays on the work of 22 contemporary US economists. The essays summarize, place in perspective and appraise the work of a diverse array of accomplished scholars whose writings respresent the best, the most promising and the most innovative in the US. The economists whose work is discussed include Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Paul Davidson, Nancy Folbre, Robert H. Frank, Robert Heilbroner, David Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Paul Krugman, William Lazonick, Gregg Lewis, Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter, Mancur Olson, Nathan Rosenberg, Thomas Schelling, Vernon Smith, Robert A. Solo, Joseph Stiglitz, Richard Thaler, Lester Thurow and Oliver E. Williamson. The emphasis of the collection is on both the quality and diversity of the work - of different ways of doing economics as it is presently practised. Warren J. Samuels has brought together a series of original essays written by economists who are distinguished in their own right. Historians of economic thought, methodologists, general economists and specialists in the fields represented by the subjects will welcome American Economists of the Late Twentieth Century as a significant contribution to our understanding of contemporary American economic scholarship.

The history of economics comprises the accumulated capital of the discipline; its study permits both the retrieval of important ideas and the conduct of analysis which places present day work in context. The essays in this book demonstrate some of the variety of uses to which the history of economics, as a sub-discipline, can be put.Economic Thought and Discourse in the 20th Century commences with an essay on John R. Hicks, one of the leading economic theorists of the twentieth century and a writer with much to say about the nature of economic theory and the functions of the history of economic thought. An essay on Thorstein Veblen examines a figure who is at once both idiosyncratic and monumental, and whose work on war and peace is seen both to have been deeply prescient at the time it was written, and to be critically relevant at the close of the twentieth century. The third piece in this collection is a study of the discursive and interpretative structure of Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics. More than a century after its publication, the Principles is widely regarded as one of the most important, and immediately influential, works of economic science ever written. Yet, it is argued, Marshall's use of language and argument may well have been equal in importance to the analytical techniques which he demonstrated. The concluding essay on the early journal history of law and economics places in perspective much of the contemporary work in this area and suggests that more could be expected from a field with such a rich and suggestive history. These essays will make significant contributions both to their respective subjects and to the historiography of economics.

Most of the existing literature on European history of economic thought concentrates on the major works of leading figures such as von Bohm-Bawerk, Menger, Pareto, Walras, Weber and Wicksell. These economists exerted enormous influences on the development of economics, despite their differing theories and approaches. Yet, there were many other economists whose contribution to the field has not been described in existing literature. This book resurrects these forgotten economists and presents 17 specially commissioned essays on their lives and contributions to economics. As such this book presents a fuller picture of the development of economics in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th century.The authors examine the economists' original ideas, and discuss how their work contributed to the development of economic thought. In addition the contributors look at the spread of ideas, of their acceptance or rejection, which can be explained partly by physical and linguistic or national isolation. They also consider influences on economic thought both between and within countries, and of other disciplines on economics; and as a consequence a sense of national identity in the practice of economics is developed. Finally, the authors present ideas on the path-dependent process of the development of economics and of the alternative paths that were around at the time, as well as on the origins of econometrics and differing attitudes towards statistical and mathematical approaches. This long-overdue addition to the literature will be welcomed by historians of economic thought, those studying the lives of economists as well as those interested in the philosophy and evolution of economics.

The Economy as Process of Valuation sheds new light on the potential benefits of concept and theory formation along dynamic and evolutionary lines for understanding economic processes. The emphasis is on aspects of the economy as a process of valuation rather than as a mechanistic result of transcendental forces yielding unique determinate results.The book begins by examining instrumentalism and the process of valuation, arguing that to choose involves the process of valuation. It then focuses on Coases's work on institutions and considers the implications for a variety of subjects including the theory of the firm and the theory and policy of externalities - all aspects of the economy as a process of valuation. This is followed by analyses of the concepts of coercion and cost in economics, with special reference to one agent's interest being another agent's cost. Each elicits key aspects of analysis, valuation and the complexities and conflictual nature of valuation processes and structures. Finally, Kenneth Boulding's work on 'The Image' is examined, arguing that definitions of reality and values derive, in part from language.

1 Warren J. Samuels The study of economics as discourse requires a perspective that focuses on the relationships among knowledge (or truth), discourse (or lan guage), and meaning. Central to this task is the recognition that the con duct of economic analysis uses words and that words embody meanings that are applied to the object of study, but do not necessarily derive from that object although they define that object for us. Knowledge Economists are engaged in efforts to understand and explain the econ omy. In the pursuit of this knowledge they have attempted to make coherent the respect(s) in which belief is to be accepted as knowledge, or the sense(s) in which this knowledge has the quality of "truth. " The field of methodology in economics parallels the fields of epistemology and philosophy of science in the attempt to make sense of and to prescribe the terms on which efforts at knowledge may be accepted as "true," or the terms on which statements can be accepted as "knowledge. " The conduct of such methodological inquiry typically treats economics as a science 1 2 ECONOMICS AS DISCOURSE engaged in the pursuit of truth as an epistemological category - though there have almost always been economists who were skeptical of the status of economics as a science, and the pursuit of knowledge is only one of three putative function of economics, the other two being psychic balm and social control."

This book brings together a number of articles, for the most part already pub lished, that develop a contemporary institutionalist approach to the study of the economic role of government. The institutionalist tradition in these matters began with the work of Henry Carter Adams on economics and jurisprudence and Richard T. Ely on the relation of the institutions of property and contract 2 to the distribution of wealth. It continued with John R. Commons's monu 3 mental analytical and historical study of the legal foundations of capitalism, Edwin E. Witte's work on the role of government in the economy,4 and Ken s neth Parson's study of economic developmenL The approach to law and economics that is developed in this book centers on (1) an identification of the objective fundamentals of the interrelations between legal and economic pro. cesses and (2) the development of skills with which to analyze and predict the performance consequences of alternative institutional designs. We must stress that our principal goal is quite simply to understand what is going on-to identify the instrumental variables and fundamental issues and processes-in the operation of legal institutions of economic significance. We envision government as an object of legal control. We also see law as an instrument of securing economic gain and advantage-that is, as a wealth producing and -acquiring alternative."

Warren J. Samuels Each book in this series explores the present status of its field in terms of where it is, how it got there, the existing tensions within the field, and something of how the field might develop in the future. Each book presumes that work in each field is neither settled nor unequivocal. Each book attempts to comprehend its field as an evolving, developmental process or set or efforts. This particular book, covering neoclassical economics, is the third of three in the field of the History of Economic Thought. The others are Pre-Classical Economic Thought, edited by S. Todd Lowry, and Classical Political Economy, edited by William O. Thweatt. Each one conducts the same kind of analysis as the others in the series, with the understanding that here we are dealing with the history of interpretation, rather than a substantive body of analysis of a certain aspect of the economy: for example, labor or international trade. (That understanding must be com plex and subtle, inasmuch as revision of interpretation of earlier ideas is part of the process-both cause and consequence-of re-analyzing the economy. ) In this group we are interested in how recent and contemporary writers have interpreted the history of economic thought differently, both among themselves and from earlier writers. 1 NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC lHEORY 2 Several topics must be discussed to place such work in perspective, in part as it is here applied to the history of the interpretation of neoclassical economics."

This is a collection of articles on schools, individuals and topics within the mainstream of the history of economic thought. The principal schools are the physiocrats and the English classical economists. The principal individuals are Francois Quesnay, Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Francis Y. Edgeworth, Friedrich von Wieser, Frank W. Taussig and William H. Hutt. Topics examined include the economic role of government, power, the psychology of economics and the early history of macroeconomics. This book is designed to be of interest to departments of economics and history.

Contains two groups of archival materials. The first group includes Edwin Cannan's unsuccessful Cobden Essay; an early critique of economics by Eli Ginzberg; introductory notes on the study of the history of economic thought by Warren Samuels; and a memoir by Jacob Warshaw on Thorstein Veblen. The second group contains lecture notes taken by F. Taylor Ostrander in courses given by David Taggart Clark (Williams College), Redvers Opie (Oxford), and Frank H. Knight (Chicago) on the history of economics.

Contains two groups of archival materials. One group includes lecture notes from courses given at the University of Wisconsin by Edwin E. Witte and Robert Lampman on the economic role of government. The second group includes papers from a conference on the history of 20th century heterodox economics.

Contains four sets of refereed essays. One group includes papers on Harrod and Robertson; Adam Smith; Keynes; Mendeleev; Veblen; and J. M. Clark. The second group has six papers on the historiography of "institutional economics" during the inter-war period. The third group has two papers on a conference on the status of the status quo. The fourth group has thirteen essays each reviewing one or more recent works.

This work publishes for the first time Richard T. Ely's study of the history of American economic thought. Ely was both a reformer of economics and a leading economist between the 1880's and 1930's. A founder of the American economic association, he himself wrote on a vast number of topics. This history of American economics tells a story that is both straightforward and his own interpretation.

Edward Everett Hale was a leading member of the institutionalist group at the University of Texas. More radical than his better known colleague, Clarence E. Ayres, Hale influenced many students - originally through his lectures rather than his publications, which were few in number. This collection assembles materials on Hale, unpublished writings by him, and sets of lecture notes from his courses.

Supplement 9 contains bibliographical and archival materials pertaining to two eminent American economists: "The Finding Guide to the Frank H. Knight papers at the University of Chicago" and, a complete annotated bibliography of the writings of Frank H. Knight, assembled and edited by Ross B. Emmett. Also included is a bibliography to references for Thorstein Veblen works for the period 1983-1996, assembled by Solidell Wasser and Felicity Wasser.

Supplement 8 contains an archival collection of Selig Perlman's eminent history of the labor movement, pertaining to Institutional Economics at the University of Wisconsin. Included are: Notes from students in Perlman's classes in American Labor History, and Capitalism and Socialism; Six previously unpublished chapters written by Perlman for a revision of his "History of Trade Unions"; Correspondence between Perlman and John R. Commons; and several personal documents of Perlman's.

Part of a series which focuses on the history of economic thought and methodology, this is the supplement to Volume 13.

Volume 23C of this research annual first presents lecture notes from courses at the University of Wisconsin during 1955-6 given by Hans Hl. Gerth and Edwin E. Witte, together with correspondence of Selig Perlman. The volume also presents notes taken by F. Taylor Ostrander in courses given at the University of Chicago during 1933-4. The notes are from courses given by John U. Nef, Charles O. Hardy, and Chester W. Wright, on European economic history, money and banking, and U.S. economic history, respectively.

Volume 23B of this research annual presents eight sets of lecture notes taken in 1933-4 by F. Taylor Ostrander at the University of Chicago. The notes are from courses given by Frank H. Knight, Henry C. Simons, and Melchior Palyi. The materials provide insight into the first generation of the Chicago School.

Volume 23A of this research annual first presents two articles on Adam Smith, one on his use of the concept of the invisible hand, and another on his use of Isaac Newton's methodology; an article on rival conceptions of distribution: in the 20th century; and a set of introductory notes to the study of the history of economic thought. Secondly, the volume presents multiple review essays on a book on the history of institutional economics, and single review essays on a variety of books, including books on causality, economic thought and the making the European monetary union, the Scottish Enlightenment, economic justice and theological values, a dictionary of economic quotations, economic morality, Thomas Reid, policy making, and autobiographical essays by Nobel laureates in economics.

This coherent collection of previously published and unpublished papers also includes a specially written introduction by Warren Samuels. The book examines some of the fundamental issues in political economy in a non-judgemental and non-ideological way. The political economy is a process of decision making and these papers attempt to identify the deepest levels of conduct of collective choice. These include official and private government, the 'rule of law', the nature of property, rules and markets, deliberative and non-deliberative choice, and the operation of selective perception and of intellectual fraud in politics. After an objective reading of these essays, no reader should look at government, globalization, rule of law, constitutions, and revolution in quite the same way.

This volume publishes a wide variety of documents. Included are Notes taken by Henry R. Seager in 1890; Robert Hoxie's Introductory Lecture on the nature of the history of political economy (1916) coupled with an internet discussion on the history of economic thought as the history of error (2005); two law school student papers on John R. Commons' work on law and economics (1926); Edwin R. A. Seligman's Autobiography (1929); Glenn Johnson's notes on Frank H. Knight's University of Chicago course on economic theory (1947) and documents pertaining to Johnson's Michigan State University course on methodology (1947); and the the conclusion of notes from Edwin E. Witte's University of Wisconsin course on government and labor (1955). It compiles hard-to-find documents into one convenient resource. Writings included span more than a century of thought.

This volume continues publication of the class notes of F. Taylor Ostrander at Williams College, 1929-32. The courses are Principles of Economics, Money and Banking, Public Finance, the Senior Seminar and Review of Political Theory. Also included are two memoranda on Franklin D. Roosevelt, from 1933 and 1945, and a memoir on the founding of the Williams College Liberal Club. This book provides a look into the thinking of leading economists in the 20th century. F. Taylor Ostrander is a very influential economist and the insight gained by his classnotes is extremely valuable.

The series presents materials in two fields, the history of economic thought, and the methodology of economics, both broadly considered. The main annual volumes present articles comparable to what one would find in a journal, except that long pieces are welcome. Also presented are review essays on new works in the two fields, some of which are multiple reviews; plus occasional mini-symposia. The archival supplements present hitherto unpublished materials - lecture notes, papers, longer manuscripts, correspondence, etc. - of interest in the two fields. The series presents review essays, multiple reviews and mini symposia on new-works in this field. The volumes are broad in scope and the series fills a substantial gap in this field.