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Vegetables are of good nutritional value with significant potential
as income-generating crop and as supplements to diet consisting
mostly carbohydrates. Despite the importance of vegetables there
are different production constraints wherever they are grown in the
country. The attack by a variety of insect pests is a major factor
restraining increased production of vegetables and is the main
cause of low quality and yield. Because of high vulnerability of
vegetables to insects, farmers lean to apply chemicals for saving
these most perishable agri-products. Farmers adopt different plant
protection strategies which mainly focus on over and heavy use of
pesticides on these crops. As the pesticide applications are
repeated at three days interval therefore there is much chance that
the application of pesticides will not only damage the environment
but will also incurs severe health concerns on the end consumers.
Tomato is an important vegetable grown all over the world because
of its dietary, nutritional and medicinal values. It is damaged by
a variety of insect pests especially tomato aphids and tomato fruif
borer which are considered as limiting factor in the production of
this vegetable. The work presented in the book was focused on the
seasonal occurrence of aphid and tomato fruit borer on different
cultivar of tomato and to find out the host plant resistance in
relation to abiotic factors such as maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on different cultivars
of tomato viz., Raja, Nagra-1077, Red hero hybrid and Rao phego
against tomato aphids and tomato fruit borer.
This study is about the biodiversity of rove beetles. These act as
predators, parasites and scavengers. These are also bio-indicators.
As far climate of Punjab, Pakistan is concerned, it is a blend of
different parameters. So, here should be a plenty of rove beetles
but due to less attention this fauna was ignored. During this
study, we collected specimens from different cropped and forest
areas with the help of 5 different collecting methods. As these
beetles live in moist areas, so relative humidity plays an
important role in their abundance. the population of rove beetles
has positive co-relation with soil moisture contents also. these
are also medically important as some species cause Paederus
dermatitis. This is a skin irritation. To avoid this, we have to
aware about its habitat. This study is composed of many parameters
and is very informative.
Aedes albopictus, possesses enormous plasticity in adoption of
habitat (natural or artificial). New settlements influenced
mosquito population density. There is a dire need to address the
population dynamics of Ae. albopictus, in our ecosystems. The
present project has been proposed keeping in view that the outcome
of research will benefit both urban and rural communities. Maximum
population was collected during rainy season, with temperature:
31-40 C and RH: 41-50 % in clear water, that was kept in plastic,
small places are more productive with EC (> 1000 uS/m), TDS
(> 500 ppm) and DO (2-5 mg/l) that were close to houses in the
exposed shady conditions. Keeping safety risks in view, control
(larvicide, adulticide and repellency) of this mosquito achieved
successfully by citrus oils (seeds and peels). Further, HPLC was
done to know the active ingredients (Limonin and Nomilin). Finally,
two-choice assay was done at Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden, to know which active ingredient is more
effective and potent.
Pesticides have been used to control these pests but none has
yielded better cost and benefit ratio due to increasing hazards
related to human life, domestic animals and environment. Recent
trends in cotton production have been to minimize the use of
pesticides and ultimately control the pest by better management
practices (BMPs). Keeping in view these critical issues the
experiment was conducted during May-October 2009 under randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments, biological
control agents (T1), foliar applications of botanical Neemosal,
azadirachtin+salannin 0.5% (T2), homeo chemicals (T3) and available
insecticides (T4) having three replications. Results showed that
safer insecticides were found to be superior to over all other
treatments in their control of insect pests complex. Biological
control had no quick control as compare to insecticides and
neemosal. Homeo chemicals also performed better. While in case of
spotted bollworm Biological control through release of Trichogramma
chilonis had showed effective and quick control as compare to
neemosal. Neemosal performed better than Homeo chemicals.
Cotton white gold, is a major cash crop of Pakistan. It provides
livelihood to millions of people engaged in its trade and textile
industry . Moreover, it is a major source of foreign exchange
earnings as it not only provides raw material for our local
industry but also stands at the top of our exports with 63.2% share
in our total exports 2008-09 ( Anonymous,2009). Many countries that
formerly had produced insignificant yield of cotton such as Latin
American countries have increased their production steeply and have
become important suppliers of fiber to the world market. The main
objective of present study has therefore been to find out the
economical methods of controlling the sucking insect pests of
cotton by integration biological control with safer chemicals. It
was necessary, to reduce the use of pesticide, to save the human
being and also to save foreign exchange which is spent on the
import of pesticides. The biological control was applied through
the conservation.
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop of Asia and
is widely found in Pakistan. Over the last few years the attack of
gall formers on mango has increased tremendously in mango growing
areas of the world. Little is known about their behavior, taxonomy
and management practices particularly in Pakistan. This book,
therefore, focuses on the varietal preference and within tree
distributional patterns of gall forming insects of mango and the
factors (morphological and physiological) mediating their
abundance. The abundance of galls has been studied in different
mango cultivars and within the individual cultivar as well. The
analyses should help shed some light on the importance of leaf
traits mediating gall abundance and should be especially useful to
field ecologists with the interest to explore the behavior of gall
formers and devise management plans.
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