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A numerical three-dimensional (3D) transient ground-water flow
model of the Death Valley region was developed by the U.S.
Geological Survey for the U.S. Department of Energy programs at the
Nevada Test Site and at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Decades of study of
aspects of the ground-water flow system and previous less extensive
ground-water flow models were incorporated and reevaluated together
with new data to provide greater detail for the complex, digital
model. A 3D digital hydrogeologic framework model (HFM) was
developed from digital elevation models, geologic maps, borehole
information, geologic and hydrogeologic cross sections, and other
3D models to represent the geometry of the hydrogeologic units
(HGUs). Structural features, such as faults and fractures, that
affect ground-water flow also were added. The HFM represents
Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline and sedimentary rocks,
Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Mesozoic to Cenozoic intrusive rocks,
Cenozoic volcanic tuffs and lavas, and late Cenozoic sedimentary
deposits of the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System
(DVRFS) region in 27 HGUs. Information from a series of
investigations was compiled to conceptualize and quantify
hydrologic components of the ground-water flow system within the
DVRFS model domain and to provide hydraulic-property and
head-observation data used in the calibration of the transient-flow
model. These studies reevaluated natural ground-water discharge
occurring through evapotranspiration and spring flow; the history
of ground-water pumping from 1913 through 1998; ground-water
recharge simulated as net infiltration; model boundary inflows and
outflows based on regional hydraulic gradients and water budgets of
surrounding areas; hydraulic conductivity and its relation to
depth; and water levels appropriate for regional simulation of
prepumped and pumped conditions within the DVRFS model domain.
Simulation results appropriate for the regional extent and scale of
the model were provided by acquiring additional data, by
reevaluating existing data using current technology and concepts,
and by refining earlier interpretations to reflect the current
understanding of the regional ground-water flow system.
Ground-water flow in the Death Valley region is composed of several
interconnected, complex ground-water flow systems. Ground-water
flow occurs in three subregions in relatively shallow and localized
flow paths that are superimposed on deeper, regional flow paths.
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