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This book analyzes the Internet from the perspective of philosophy
of science. Conceived in a broad sense, it includes three major
layers: (i) the technological infrastructure, (ii) the Web, and
(iii) cloud computing, along with apps and mobile Internet.
This book analyzes the role of language in scientific research and
develops the semantics of science from different angles. The
philosophical investigation of the volume is divided into four
parts, which covers both basic science and applied science: I) The
Problem of Reference and Potentialities of the Language in Science;
II) Language and Change in Scientific Research: Evolution and
Historicity; III) Scientific Language in the Context of Truth and
Fiction; and IV) Language in Mathematics and in Empirical Sciences.
Language plays a key role in science: our access to the
theoretical, practical or evaluative dimensions of scientific
activity begins with the mastery of language, continues with a
deepening in the use of language and reaches the level of
contribution when it creates new terms or changes them in sense and
reference. This reveals the compatibility between objectivity in
semantic contents and historicity in the progress of science. This
volume is a valuable enrichment to students, academics and other
professionals interested in science in all its forms, who seek to
deepen the role that language plays in its structure and dynamics.
This book highlights the existence of a diversity of methods in
science, in general, in groups of sciences (natural, social or the
artificial), and in individual sciences. This methodological
variety is open to a number of consequences, such as the
differences in the research according to levels of reality (micro,
meso and macro), which leads to multi-scale modelling and to
questioning "fundamental" parts in the sciences, understood as the
necessary support for the whole discipline. In addition, this
volume acknowledges the need to assess the efficacy of procedures
and methods of scientific activity in engendering high quality
results in research made; the relevance of contextual factors for
methodology of science; the existence of a plurality of stratagems
when doing research in empirical sciences (natural, social and of
the artificial); and the need for an ethical component while
developing scientific methods, because values should have a role in
scientific research. The book is of interest to a broad audience of
philosophers, academics in various fields, graduate students and
research centers interested in methodology of science.
This book analyzes the role of language in scientific research and
develops the semantics of science from different angles. The
philosophical investigation of the volume is divided into four
parts, which covers both basic science and applied science: I) The
Problem of Reference and Potentialities of the Language in Science;
II) Language and Change in Scientific Research: Evolution and
Historicity; III) Scientific Language in the Context of Truth and
Fiction; and IV) Language in Mathematics and in Empirical Sciences.
Language plays a key role in science: our access to the
theoretical, practical or evaluative dimensions of scientific
activity begins with the mastery of language, continues with a
deepening in the use of language and reaches the level of
contribution when it creates new terms or changes them in sense and
reference. This reveals the compatibility between objectivity in
semantic contents and historicity in the progress of science. This
volume is a valuable enrichment to students, academics and other
professionals interested in science in all its forms, who seek to
deepen the role that language plays in its structure and dynamics.
This book highlights the existence of a diversity of methods in
science, in general, in groups of sciences (natural, social or the
artificial), and in individual sciences. This methodological
variety is open to a number of consequences, such as the
differences in the research according to levels of reality (micro,
meso and macro), which leads to multi-scale modelling and to
questioning "fundamental" parts in the sciences, understood as the
necessary support for the whole discipline. In addition, this
volume acknowledges the need to assess the efficacy of procedures
and methods of scientific activity in engendering high quality
results in research made; the relevance of contextual factors for
methodology of science; the existence of a plurality of stratagems
when doing research in empirical sciences (natural, social and of
the artificial); and the need for an ethical component while
developing scientific methods, because values should have a role in
scientific research. The book is of interest to a broad audience of
philosophers, academics in various fields, graduate students and
research centers interested in methodology of science.
Scientific realism is at the core of the contemporary philosophical
debate on science. This book analyzes new versions of scientific
realism. It makes explicit the advantages of scientific realism
over alternatives and antagonists, contributes to deciding which of
the new approaches better meets the descriptive and the
prescriptive criteria, and expands the philosophico-methodological
field to take in new topics and disciplines.
Contemporary philosophy of science analyzes psychology as a science
with special features, because this discipline includes some
specific philosophical problems - descriptive and normative,
structural and dynamic. Some of these are particularly relevant
both theoretically (casual explanation) and practically (the
configuration of the psychological subject and its relations with
psychiatry). Two central aspects in this book are the role of
causality, especially conceived as intervention or manipulation,
and the characterization of the psychological subject. This
requires a clarification of scientific explanations in terms of
causality in psychology, because characterizations of causality are
quite different in epistemological and ontological terms. One of
the most influential views is James Woodward's approach to
causality as intervention, which entails an analysis of its
characteristics, new elements and limits. This means taking into
account the structural and dynamic aspects included in causal
cognition and psychological explanations. Psychology seen as
special science also requires us to consider the scientific status
of psychology and the psychological subject, which leads to limits
of naturalism in psychology.
This book develops a philosophico-methodological analysis of
prediction and its role in economics. Prediction plays a key role
in economics in various ways. It can be seen as a basic science, as
an applied science and in the application of this science. First,
it is used by economic theory in order to test the available
knowledge. In this regard, prediction has been presented as the
scientific test for economics as a science. Second, prediction
provides a content regarding the possible future that can be used
for prescription in applied economics. Thus, it can be used as a
guide for economic policy, i.e., as knowledge concerning the future
to be employed for the resolution of specific problems. Third,
prediction also has a role in the application of this science in
the public arena. This is through the decision-making of the agents
— individuals or organizations — in quite different settings,
both in the realm of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Within this
context, the research is organized in five parts, which discuss
relevant aspects of the role of prediction in economics: I) The
problem of prediction as a test for a science; II) The general
orientation in methodology of science and the problem of prediction
as a scientific test; III) The methodological framework of social
sciences and economics: Incidence for prediction as a test; IV)
Epistemology and methodology of economic prediction: Rationality
and empirical approaches and V) Methodological aspects of economic
prediction: From description to prescription. Thus, the book is of
interest for philosophers and economists as well as policy-makers
seeking to ascertain the roots of their performance. The style used
lends itself to a wide audience.
This book focuses on a key issue today: the role of values in
technology, with special emphasis on ethical values. This topic
involves the analysis of internal values in technology (as they
affect objectives, processes, and outcomes) and the study of
external values in technology (social, cultural, economic,
ecological, etc.). These values - internal and external - are
crucial to the decision making of engineers. In addition, they have
increasing relevance for citizens concerned with the present and
future state of technology, which gives society a leading position
in technological issues. The book follows three main lines of
research: 1) new perspectives on technology, values, and ethics; 2)
rationality and responsibility in technology; and 3) technology and
risks. This volume analyzes the two main sides involved here: the
theoretical basis for the role of values in technology and a
practical discussion on how to implement them in our society. Thus,
the book is of interest for philosophers, engineers, academics of
different fields and policy-makers. The style used lends itself to
broad audience.
This book focuses on a key issue today: the role of values in
technology, with special emphasis on ethical values. This topic
involves the analysis of internal values in technology (as they
affect objectives, processes, and outcomes) and the study of
external values in technology (social, cultural, economic,
ecological, etc.). These values - internal and external - are
crucial to the decision making of engineers. In addition, they have
increasing relevance for citizens concerned with the present and
future state of technology, which gives society a leading position
in technological issues. The book follows three main lines of
research: 1) new perspectives on technology, values, and ethics; 2)
rationality and responsibility in technology; and 3) technology and
risks. This volume analyzes the two main sides involved here: the
theoretical basis for the role of values in technology and a
practical discussion on how to implement them in our society. Thus,
the book is of interest for philosophers, engineers, academics of
different fields and policy-makers. The style used lends itself to
broad audience.
This book develops a philosophico-methodological analysis of
prediction and its role in economics. Prediction plays a key role
in economics in various ways. It can be seen as a basic science, as
an applied science and in the application of this science. First,
it is used by economic theory in order to test the available
knowledge. In this regard, prediction has been presented as the
scientific test for economics as a science. Second, prediction
provides a content regarding the possible future that can be used
for prescription in applied economics. Thus, it can be used as a
guide for economic policy, i.e., as knowledge concerning the future
to be employed for the resolution of specific problems. Third,
prediction also has a role in the application of this science in
the public arena. This is through the decision-making of the agents
- individuals or organizations - in quite different settings, both
in the realm of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Within this
context, the research is organized in five parts, which discuss
relevant aspects of the role of prediction in economics: I) The
problem of prediction as a test for a science; II) The general
orientation in methodology of science and the problem of prediction
as a scientific test; III) The methodological framework of social
sciences and economics: Incidence for prediction as a test; IV)
Epistemology and methodology of economic prediction: Rationality
and empirical approaches and V) Methodological aspects of economic
prediction: From description to prescription. Thus, the book is of
interest for philosophers and economists as well as policy-makers
seeking to ascertain the roots of their performance. The style used
lends itself to a wide audience.
This volume, the second in the Springer series Philosophy of
Science in a European Perspective, contains selected papers from
the workshops organised by the ESF Research Networking Programme
PSE (The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective) in 2009.
Five general topics are addressed: 1. Formal Methods in the
Philosophy of Science; 2. Philosophy of the Natural and Life
Sciences; 3. Philosophy of the Cultural and Social Sciences; 4.
Philosophy of the Physical Sciences; 5. History of the Philosophy
of Science. This volume is accordingly divided in five sections,
each section containing papers coming from the meetings focussing
on one of these five themes. However, these sections are not
completely independent and detached from each other. For example,
an important connecting thread running through a substantial number
of papers in this volume is the concept of probability: probability
plays a central role in present-day discussions in formal
epistemology, in the philosophy of the physical sciences, and in
general methodological debates---it is central in discussions
concerning explanation, prediction and confirmation. The volume
thus also attempts to represent the intellectual exchange between
the various fields in the philosophy of science that was central in
the ESF workshops.
Contemporary philosophy of science analyzes psychology as a science
with special features, because this discipline includes some
specific philosophical problems - descriptive and normative,
structural and dynamic. Some of these are particularly relevant
both theoretically (casual explanation) and practically (the
configuration of the psychological subject and its relations with
psychiatry). Two central aspects in this book are the role of
causality, especially conceived as intervention or manipulation,
and the characterization of the psychological subject. This
requires a clarification of scientific explanations in terms of
causality in psychology, because characterizations of causality are
quite different in epistemological and ontological terms. One of
the most influential views is James Woodward's approach to
causality as intervention, which entails an analysis of its
characteristics, new elements and limits. This means taking into
account the structural and dynamic aspects included in causal
cognition and psychological explanations. Psychology seen as
special science also requires us to consider the scientific status
of psychology and the psychological subject, which leads to limits
of naturalism in psychology.
This book seeks to provide new perspectives, to broaden the field
of philosophy of science, or to renew themes that have had a great
impact on the profession. Thus, after an initial chapter to situate
the current trends in philosophy of science and the prospective of
the near future, it offers contributions in five thematic blocks:
I) Philosophy of Medicine and Climate Change; II) Philosophy of
Artificial Intelligence and the Internet; III) New Analyses of
Probability and the Use of Mathematics in Practice; IV) Scientific
Progress Revisited; and V) Scientific Realism and the
Instrumentalist Alternative. Within this framework, the volume
addresses such relevant issues as the methodological validity of
medical evidence or decision making in situations of uncertainty;
recent advances in Artificial Intelligence and the future of the
Internet; current forms of empirically based methodological
pluralism and new ways of understanding mathematics with scientific
practice; and the revision of the approaches to scientific progress
based on the experiences accumulated in recent decades.
This book seeks to provide new perspectives, to broaden the field
of philosophy of science, or to renew themes that have had a great
impact on the profession. Thus, after an initial chapter to situate
the current trends in philosophy of science and the prospective of
the near future, it offers contributions in five thematic blocks:
I) Philosophy of Medicine and Climate Change; II) Philosophy of
Artificial Intelligence and the Internet; III) New Analyses of
Probability and the Use of Mathematics in Practice; IV) Scientific
Progress Revisited; and V) Scientific Realism and the
Instrumentalist Alternative. Within this framework, the volume
addresses such relevant issues as the methodological validity of
medical evidence or decision making in situations of uncertainty;
recent advances in Artificial Intelligence and the future of the
Internet; current forms of empirically based methodological
pluralism and new ways of understanding mathematics with scientific
practice; and the revision of the approaches to scientific progress
based on the experiences accumulated in recent decades.
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