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This title provides AS Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the OxfordAQA International A-level Economics syllabus. It prepares students for both exam success and university study by taking a thoroughly international and rigorous approach to the subject, including interesting and recent global case studies. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written by and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the International A-level Economics qualification.

This title provides AS and A-level Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the new OxfordAQA Economics syllabus. It prepares students for exam success by taking a truly international and rigorous approach to the subject, that reflects the latest UK standards, including cALe studies, which prepare students for university study. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written by and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the new qualification.

This title provides AS-level Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the new OxfordAQA Economics syllabus. It prepares students for exam success by taking a truly international and rigorous approach to the subject, that reflects the latest UK standards, including case studies, which prepare students for university study. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written by and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the new qualification.

This book explores social cohesion in rural settlements in western Europe from 700-1050, asking to what extent settlements, or districts, constituted units of social organisation. It focuses on the interactions, interconnections and networks of people who lived side by side - neighbours. Drawing evidence from most of the current western European countries, the book plots and interrogates the very different practices of this wide range of regions in a systematically comparative framework. Neighbours and strangers considers the variety of local responses to the supra-local agents of landlords and rulers and the impact, such as it was, of those agents on the small-scale residential group. It also assesses the impact on local societies of the values, instructions and demands of the wider literate world of Christianity, as delivered by local priests. -- .

First Published in 1997. This is a case study of changing land-use patterns in Brittany over nearly 2000 years.

Wide appeal to scholars in the field of medieval history / A collection of papers by one of the foremost historians of the social and economic structure of rural communities / Includes a substantial corpus of Iberian evidence to set beside Frankish, Italian, English and Scandinavian material

A collection of papers in English by one of the foremost historians of the social and economic structure of medieval rural communities, who here examines local societies in rural northern Spain and Portugal in the early middle ages. Principal themes are scribal practice and the analysis of charter texts; gift, sale and wealth; justice and judicial procedures. Always with a concern for personal relationships and interactions, for mobility, for decision-making and for practice, a sense of land and landscape runs throughout. The Spanish and Portuguese experience has seemed irrelevant to the great debates of early medieval European history that occupy historians. But Spain and Portugal shared the late Roman heritage which influenced much of western Europe in the early middle ages, and by the tenth century records and practice in Christian Iberia still shared features with the Carolingian world. This book offers a substantial corpus of Iberian evidence to set beside Frankish, Italian, English and Scandinavian material and thereby makes it possible for northern Iberia to play a part in these great debates of medieval European history. (CS1084).

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As Travis states, "When our youth succeed at home, the community succeeds. When the community succeeds, then the city succeeds. When the city succeeds, the nation succeeds."

This volume focuses on Wendy Davies's work on early medieval Breton texts and their implications. Beginning with core analyses of the Redon and Landevennec cartularies, it continues with papers that tease out some of the key social implications of the 9th-century Redon material - on the nature of political power, on rural communities, on the settlement of disputes, and on transmission of property. While the Redon charters have long been known as a source of fundamental importance for Breton history, the author's database (established in the 1980s) allowed much greater understanding of the role of individuals - at all social levels, and particularly peasant level - than had previously been possible. Attention to the detail of the east Breton past also includes papers on some of the results of her fieldwork, on building stone in particular. Early medieval Brittany is not merely interesting in itself (and it is certainly not some Celtic backwater): Breton evidence can usefully be differentiated from the evidence of other Celtic areas and has a significant role in wider issues of European history. As well as papers on the familiar themes of kingship, rulership, cult sites and cemeteries, the final section highlights the distinctive quality of the Breton evidence for the protection of sacred and personal space, for slavery and serfdom and for village-level courts.

Although it has a rich historiography, and from the late ninth century is rich in textual evidence, northern Iberia has barely featured in the great debates of early medieval European history of recent generations. Lying beyond the Frankish world, in a peninsula more than half controlled by Muslims, Spanish and Portuguese experience has seemed irrelevant to the Carolingian Empire and the political fragmentation (or realignment) that followed it. But Spain and Portugal shared the late Roman heritage which influenced much of western Europe in the early middle ages and by the tenth century records and practice in the Christian north still shared features with parts farther east. What is interesting, in the wider European context, is that some of the so-called characteristics of the Carolingian world - the public court, collective judgment - are as characteristic of the Iberian world. The suggestion that they disappeared in the Frankish world, to be replaced by 'private' mechanisms, has played a major role in debates about the changing nature of power in the central middle ages: what happened in judicial courts has been central to the grand narratives of Duby and successive historians, for they are a powerful lens into the very real issues of politics and power. Looking at the practice of judicial courts in Europe west of Frankia allows us to think again about the nature of the public; identifying all the records of that practice allows us to adjust the balance between monastic and lay activity. What these show is that peasants, like other lay people, used the courts to seek redress and gain advantages. Records were not entirely framed nor practice entirely dominated by ecclesiastical interests.

This book explores social cohesion in rural settlements in western Europe from 700-1050, asking to what extent settlements, or districts, constituted units of social organisation. It focuses on the interactions, interconnections and networks of people who lived side by side - neighbours. Drawing evidence from most of the current western European countries, the book plots and interrogates the very different practices of this wide range of regions in a systematically comparative framework. It considers the variety of local responses to the supra-local agents of landlords and rulers and the impact, such as it was, of those agents on the small-scale residential group. It also assesses the impact on local societies of the values, instructions and demands of the wider literate world of Christianity, as delivered by local priests. -- .

This pioneering volume illuminates the practice of giving, endowing and exchanging gifts in the early Middle Ages, from Anglo-Saxon England to the Islamic world. Focusing especially on the language associated with medieval gift giving, this important new work examines how people visualized and thought about gift giving and, importantly, how they distinguished between the giving of gifts and other social, economic, political and religious exchanges. The authors demonstrate that gift giving was already complex, distinctive and sometimes contentious before the twelfth century and operated within a broad international context. They draw from the sources a deeper understanding of the early Middle Ages by looking at real cases and real people: peasants, the elderly and women, as well as elites. The culture of medieval gift has often been treated as archaic and exotic; this book, by contrast, reveals people going about their lives as individuals in down-to-earth and sometimes familiar ways.

This is a collection of original essays on the relationship between property and power, a fundamental theme in medieval history. It addresses four main issues: the meaning of power over property; the ways in which property conveyed power; the nature of immunities; and the power of royal authority to affect property relations. The areas studied include Wales, England, France, Germany, Italy, and Byzantium, and the essays range across the period 650-1150. A substantial introduction is included, which explains the nature of the issues, and a conclusion expresses the team's overall view of the subject. Aimed at a wide readership of both scholars and students, the volume also includes a glossary to help readers who may be unfamiliar with the material or the period.

This title provides AS-level Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the new OxfordAQA Economics syllabus. It prepares students for exam success by taking a truly international and rigorous approach to the subject, that reflects the latest UK standards, including case studies, which prepare students for university study. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written by and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the new qualification.

This book is a collection of original essays on gift in the early Middle Ages, from Anglo-Saxon England to the Islamic world. Focusing on the languages of gift, the essays reveal how early medieval people visualized and thought about gift, and how they distinguished between the giving of gifts and other forms of social, economic, political and religious exchange. The same team, largely, that produced the widely cited The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1986) has again collaborated in a collective effort that harnesses individual expertise in order to draw from the sources a deeper understanding of the early Middle Ages by looking at real cases, that is at real people, whether peasant or emperor. The culture of medieval gift has often been treated as archaic and exotic; in this book, by contrast, we see people going about their lives in individual, down-to-earth and sometimes familiar ways.

This is a collection of original essays on the relationship between property and power, a fundamental theme in medieval history. It addresses four main issues: the meaning of power over property; the ways in which property conveyed power; the nature of immunities; and the power of royal authority to affect property relations. The areas studied include Wales, England, France, Germany, Italy, and Byzantium, and the essays range across the period 650-1150. A substantial introduction is included, which explains the nature of the issues, and a conclusion expresses the team's overall view of the subject. Aimed at a wide readership of both scholars and students, the volume also includes a glossary to help readers who may be unfamiliar with the material or the period.

This is a collection of original essays on the settlement of disputes in the early middle ages, a subject of central importance for social and political history. Case material, from the evidence of charters, is used to reveal the realities of the settlement process in the behaviour and interactions of people - instead of the prescriptive and idealised models of law-codes and edicts. The book is not therefore a technical study of charters evidence. The geographical range across Europe is unusually wide, which allows comparison across differing societies. Frankish material is inevitably prominent, but the contributors have sought to integrate Celtic, Greek, Italian and Spanish material into the mainstream of the subject. Above all, the book aims to 'demystify' the study of early medieval law, and to present a radical reappraisal of established assumptions about law and society.

This title provides AS and A-level Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the new OxfordAQA Economics syllabus. It prepares students for exam success by taking a truly international and rigorous approach to the subject, that reflects the latest UK standards, including case studies, which prepare students for university study. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written by and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the new qualification.

This book is an exploration of the nature of power in early medieval Wales. Wendy Davies examines the distribution of power, territorial and social, and traces the ways in which contemporaries defined this fundamental concept. She confronts challenging questions relating to definitions and consequences of military control, alien settlement, landownership, and political domination. Professor Davies analyses the impact and nature of English, Irish, and Viking contacts with the Welsh, and argues their significance for the long-term development of Wales. This is a stimulating and scholarly study by one of the foremost historians of the Celtic world.

This title provides International A-level Economics teachers and students with all the support they need for the OxfordAQA International A-level Economics syllabus. It prepares students for both exam success and university study by taking a thoroughly international and rigorous approach to the subject, including interesting and recent global case studies. Language support is embedded and a clear structure ensures that all learners can reach their full potential. It matches the OxfordAQA specification and is written and reviewed by the examiners and teachers to provide full support for the International A-level Economics qualification.

Acts of Giving examines the issues surrounding donation --the giving of property, usually landed property--in northern "Christian" Spain in the tenth century, when written texts became very plentiful, allowing us to glimpse the working of local society.
Wendy Davies explores who gives and who receives; what is given; reasons for giving; and the place of giving within the complex of social and economic relationships in society as a whole. People gave land for all kinds of reasons - because they were forced to do so, to meet debts or pay fines; because they wanted to gain material benefits in life, or to secure support in the short term or in old age. Giving pro anima, for the sake of the soul, was relatively limited; and gifts were made to lay persons as well as to the church. Family interests were strongly sustained across the tenth century and did not dwindle; family land was split and re-assembled, not fragmented. The gender and status of donors are key themes, along with commemoration: more men than women took steps to memorialize, in contrast to some parts of western Europe, and more aristocrats than peasants, which is less of a contrast. Donation as a type of transaction is also examined, as well as the insights into status afforded by the language and form of the records. Buying and selling, giving and receiving continued in the tenth-century as it had for centuries. However this period saw the volume of peasant donation to the church increasing enormously. It was this which set the conditions for substantial social and economic change.

This readable and authoritative volume covers the history of the Britain and Ireland from the Vikings to the Norman Conquest. Seven chapters contributed by an international team of leading historians cover key themes of this period such as monarchies and other political structures, economic developments, the Christianization of society, and relationships between Britain, Ireland, and the Mediterranean civilizations to the south.