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This book makes a case for a reorientation of the nuclear
nonproliferation regime, posing an alternative conceptualization of
nuclear order centered on the regional level. It draws on an array
of theoretical tools from the literatures on regionalism, security
governance, and international institutions, developing a framework
that analyzes the conditions that would allow for more robust
regional nuclear cooperation. These include the presence of (1)
institutional architecture, (2) political, economic, and military
relations among states, and (3) fundamental regional awareness and
identity. Wan then deploys this theoretical approach to several
case studies, including Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and the
Middle East, focusing on two interrelated questions. First, what is
the viability of a stronger regional nuclear order in the region?
Second, what form would such an order most likely take? In the
process, the book identifies the magnitude and character of the
proliferation challenge specific to each region. It also considers
the existing character of nuclear cooperation at the regional
level. Wan presents the historical development of regional nuclear
order in Latin America as a model for the rest of the world. In
this area, regional institutions ranging from organizations to
dialogues to ad hoc arrangements gradually became more involved
across economic, environmental, and human security domains,
providing the foundation for multilateral cooperation in the
nuclear arena. As his analysis shows, in light of the contemporary
proliferation landscape, the establishment and strengthening of
such regional nuclear orders is essential.
Although the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are popular as tools
for convenient exchange of information, it is not easy to utilise
the Internet for time-critical applications such as on-line remote
diagnosis in telemedicine. It is a wish of the United Nations to
bring e-health to every corner of the world via the Internet. This
is easier said than done because the sheer size of the Internet
implies unpredictable faults of all kinds. These faults are
physically translated into communication and computation delays.
Since these faults and delays have many contributing factors that
can change suddenly, it is impractical to monitor them all for the
sake of fault tolerance. For this reason the new concept of
interpreting the channel dynamics by gauging its end-to-end
behaviour has emerged. The aim is to measure the changes of the
average service roundtrip time (RTT) over time and interpret the
possible signs of faults from these changes. If the length of the
average service RTT is suddenly increased in an exponential manner,
network congestion and widespread retransmission are indicated.
Then, the Internet and/or the applications running on it should
invoke fault tolerance measures to prevent system breakdown and
partial failures. This concept of gauging the channel dynamics to
prevent system failure is generally known as Internet End-to-End
Performance Measurement (IEPM). The purpose of the book is to shed
light on some of the novel practical fault tolerance techniques
that can help shorten the end-to-end service roundtrip (RTT) time
of a logical Internet channel. As a result the Internet can be
harnessed for serious time-critical applications. Several practical
cases are presented to demonstrate how the effective harnessing can
be achieved.
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