ETHICAL SYSTEMS HY WILHELM WUNDT SSOR Oh IHILOSOPHV JN TIIK UNIVERMI V OK l Translate bg MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN t KOI E-SOK OF ISYCHOIO V NI K I lltCS IN WKII. S COM kdll LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN CO., LIM. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN CO. 1906 WUNDTS ETHICS. VOL. I. INTRODUCTION THE FACTS OF THE MORAL LIFE. VOL. II. ETHICAL SYSTEMS, Nov. 1897 Second Edition Feb. 1906. VOL. III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY, AND THE SPHERE OF THEIR VALIDITY. TRANSLATORS PREFACE HP HIS volume is a translation of the second book of Professor Wundts Ethik, comprising pages 270-432 of the second German edition. It forms a concise history of Ethics, which apart from its intrinsic interest as a feature of Wundts ethical system will serve to supplement Professor Sidgwicks Outlines by reason of its more extended treatment of Continental schools. The terminology of the first volume has been followed, and English references are substituted for the German wherever possible. Especial thanks are due to Professor E. K Titchener, of Cornell University, for many helpful suggestions, and for a revision of the proof. MARGARET FLOY WASHHURN. CONTENTS ZEbe Development of fl oral Vbcorfe of tbe Vntocrsc CHAPTER I. The Beginnings of Ancient Ethii s . l . 3 rf Prc-Socratic Ethics v . . 3 Socrates and the Socratic Schools 5 Plato and Aristotle . . . 10 Platonic Ethics v T - . . 10 S b The Aristotelian Ethics . r7 3. The Stoics and Epicureans y . . 24 - a Stoic Ethics 7 - . p . 25 Epicurean Ethics . . ... 28 4 Transition to Christian Ethics - . . 31 CHAPTER II. CIini TIAN ETHICS I. The General Basis of Christian Ethics . . 33 2 The System of Augustine, and the Pelagian Controversy . 38 3 Scholastic Ethics . . . . 41 4 The Fall ofScholasticism and the Ethics of the Reformation . 4 S CHAPTER III. I. The Development ot Empirical Ethics . . 53 a Bacon and Hobbes . . 53 b John Locke and the Intellectualism of the Cambridge School . . . 59 Shaftesbury and the English Ethics of the Under standing . . . ... 67 viii Contents PAGE d David Hume and the Scotch Ethics of Feeling . . 73 e The Ethics of French Materialism . 84 2. The Metaphysical Ethics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . . . ... 87 d Descartes and Cartesianism . . 87 b Spinoza . . . ... 92 c Leibniz . . . ... 97 d Wolff and the German Enlightenment . . .104 The Ethics of Kant and of Speculative Idealism . . . 106 a Kant . . . . ... 106 b Fichte . . . . . 119 c Hegel . . . ... 124 d Intermediary Tendencies between Universalism and Indi vidualism . . . . . 127 4. Modern Realistic Ethics . . . . 134 a Herbarts Practical Philosophy . . . 135 German Naturalism and Materialism . . .139 c Utilitarianism and Positivism in England and France . 142 d Utilitarian Ethics as Influenced by the Theory of Evolution . . . . . 153 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL CRITICISM OF ETHICAL SYSTEMS 1. Classification of Ethical Systems . . . . 160 a General Standpoints for such a Classification . .160 b Classification according to motives. . . .161 c Classification according to ends . . . 163 2. Authoritative Ethical Systems . . . . 165 3. Eudaemonistic Systems . . . . 168 a Egoistic Utilitarianism . . . . 168 b Altruistic Utilitarianism . . . . 171 5 Evolutionary Ethical Systems . . . . 186 a Individual Evolutionism . . . . 186 b Universal Evolutionism . . . . . 187 INDEX OF NAMES . . . ... 191 INDEX OF SUBJECTS . . ., 193 VOL. II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE. n.270-1 T CHAPTER I. ANCIENT ETHICS. I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANCIENT ETHICS. a Pre-Socratic Rthics. HE earliest Greek speculation was ibujhc must, . part cosmologicaL Hence it took little interest in ethical questions. The sayings ascribed to the mythical or semi mythical Seven Sages are crystallisations of popular morality, which cannot be treated as the beginnings of a science. The earliest philosophical schools, however, joined to their philo sophical endeavours efforts, primarily reformatory, against the popular religion...

ELEMENTS OF FOLK PSYCHOLOGY OUTLINES OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND by WILHELM WUNDT. PREFACE: THE keen interest which the present age is manifesting in problems connected with the interpretation of human experience is no less a result than it is a precondition of the fruitful labours of individual scholars. Prominent among these is the distinguished author of the volume which is herewith rendered accessible to English readers. The impetus which Professor Wundt has given to the philosophical and psychological studies of recent years is a matter of common knowledge. Many of those who are contributing richly to these fields of thought received their stimulus from instruction directly enjoyed in the laboratory and the classrooms of Leipzig. But even more than to Wundt, the teacher, is the world indebted to Wundt, the investigator and the writer. The number and comprehensiveness of this authors publications, as well as their range of subjects, are little short of amazing. To gauge the extent of their influence would require an examination of a large part of current philosophical and psychological literature. No small measure of this influence, however, must be credited to those whose labours have made possible the appearance of Wundts writings in other tongues. Of the English translations, we owe the first to Professors Creighton and Titchener. Succeeding their translation of the Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology came the publication, in English, of the first volume of the 4t Principles of Physio logical Psychology, of the two briefer treatises, Outlines of Psychology and Introduction to Psychology 1 and, in the meantime, of the valuable work on Ethics.Though Professor Wundt first won recognition through his investigations in . physiology, it was his later and more valuable contributions to physiological psychology, as well as to logic, ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, that gained for him his place of eminence in the world of scholarship. One may hazard the prophecy, however, that the final verdict of history will ascribe to his latest studies those in folk psychology, a significance not inferior to that which is now generally conceded to the writings of his earlier years. The other psychologie is a truly monumental work. The analysis and interpretation of language, art, mythology, and religion, and the criticisms of rival theories and points of view, which occupy, its five largie volumes of over three thousand pages, are at once so judicial and so suggestive that they may not be neglected by, any serious student of the social mind. The publication of the Vdlkerpsychotogie made necessary a number of defensive and supplementary articles. Two of these, in a somewhat revised form, together with an early article on The Aim and Methods of Folk Psychology, and an additional essay on Pragmatic and Genetic Psychology of Religion were published in 1911 under the title, Problem der Vdtker, psychologie. Finally, in 1912, there appeared the book which we are now presenting in translation, the Element der Volkerpsychotogie. As regards to the difference in method and character between the Element e and the Volker psychologie, nothing need be added to what may, be gleaned from the authors Preface and Introduction to this, his latest, work. Here, too, Professor Wundt indicates his conception of the nature and the problem of folk psychology, aFuller discussion of which may, be found both in the VStkcrpsychologie and in the first essay of the Problemc He who attempts to sketch the Outlines of tf Psychological History of the Development of Mankind necessarily incurs a heavy indebtedness, as regards to his material, to various more specialized sciences...

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AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY by WILHELM WUNDT. Originally published in 1911. AUTHORS PREFACE: IT is not the intention of this introduction to psychology to discuss the scientific or philo sophical conceptions of psychology, or even to make a survey of the investigations and their results. What this little book attempts is rather to introduce the reader to the prin cipal thoughts underlying present-day experi mental psychology, leaving out many facts and methods which would be necessary for a thorough study of the subject. To omit all mention of experimental methods and their results is at the present day impossible. Yet we only need to consider a comparatively small number of results of the first importance in order to comprehend the basal principles of the new psychology. To characterise the methods of this psychology it would be im possible to omit all reference to experiments, but we can and will omit reference to the more or less complicated instruments on which the carrying out of such experiments depends. I must refer the reader who wishes a fuller account of the new psychology to my Outlines of Psychology, which also contains the necessary bibliography of the subject. W. WUNDT. LEIPBIC, June 1911. TRANSLATORS NOTE: THE present volume is a popular introduction to the Wundtian psychology. It is a shorter and simpler sketch than the same authors Outlines of Psychology, and it should prove invaluable to the English-speaking student who wishes to gain some conception of the subject before entering upon a deeper study of the same. Its popularity in Germany has been phenomenal. In translating the work the translator has, as far as possible, used the same English terms as those employedin the translations of Wundt by Judd and Titchener. He is greatly indebted to Mr. Robert Wilson, M. A., B. Sc., for his advice and help in reading over the manuscript before going to press. RUDOLF PINTNEB. EDINBURGH, May 1912. Contents include: CHAPTER I CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTENTION PA01 Psychology as a description of processes of conscious ness The metronome The rhythmical disposi tion of consciousness The scope of consciousness The threshold of consciousness The fixation point and field of consciousness The focus of attention The scope of attention Apprehen sion and apperception 1 CHAPTER II THE ELEMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS Psychical elements and compounds Sensation and idea Memory images and perceptions Quality and intensity of sensations Feelings Difference between sensation and feeling The three pairs of feelingsThe affective process Emotions and moods Volitional processes Motives Instinc tive, voluntary, and discriminative actions The qualities of feelings Feeling and apperception . 43 ix X VAJJH JLJCJ1 XO CHAPTER III ASSOCIATION PAGE Associations and apperceptions The fusion of tones into clangs Spatial and temporal perception Assimilation and dissimilation Direct and re produced forms of the same Complications The recognition and cognition of objects Successive association The so-called feeling of familiarity Secondary ideas The affective processes in re cognition The so-called states of consciousness in forgetting, remembering c...

It has been the author's object in the present work to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life. One reason for this procedure is my desire to conduct the reader by the same path that the author has followed in approaching ethical questions.

It has been my object in the present work to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life. One reason for this procedure is my desire to conduct the reader by the same path that I myself have followed in approaching ethical questions.

The present work aims to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life.

The present work aims to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life.

It has been my object in the present work to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life. One reason for this procedure is my desire to conduct the reader by the same path that I myself have followed in approaching ethical questions.

It has been my object in the present work to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life. One reason for this procedure is my desire to conduct the reader by the same path that I myself have followed in approaching ethical questions.

Wilhelm Wundt is known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. The first person to ever call himself a Psychologist, he is also widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology", having established the first laboratory in the world dedicated to psychological research. This paved the way for psychology as an independent field of study. A prolific writer, this title contains 30 lectures on human and animal psychology given in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This edition was originally published in 1912, a translation of the second German edition, the earlier edition being the first of the author's works to be translated into English.

Wilhelm Wundt is known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. The first person to ever call himself a Psychologist, he is also widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology", having established the first laboratory in the world dedicated to psychological research. This paved the way for psychology as an independent field of study. A prolific writer, this title contains 30 lectures on human and animal psychology given in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This edition was originally published in 1912, a translation of the second German edition, the earlier edition being the first of the author's works to be translated into English.