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More than 200,000 U.S. military personnel participated in
atmospheric nuclear weapons tests between 1945 and the 1963 Limited
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Questions persist, such as whether that
test participation is associated with the timing and causes of
death among those individuals. This is the report of a mortality
study of the approximately 70,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen who
participated in at least one of five selected U.S. nuclear weapons
test series1 in the 1950s and nearly 65,000 comparable
nonparticipants, the referents. The investigation described in this
report, based on more than 5 million person-years of mortality
follow-up, represents one of the largest cohort studies of military
veterans ever conducted.
More than 5,800 military personnel, mostly Navy personnel and
Marines, participated in a series of tests of U.S. warship
vulnerability to biological and chemical warfare agents, Project
SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense), in the period 1962-1973. Only
some of the involved military personnel were aware of these tests
at the time. Many of these tests used simulants, substances with
the physical properties of a chemical or biological warfare agent,
thought at the time to have been harmless. The existence of these
tests did not come to light until many decades later. In September
2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) agreed to undertake a
scientific study, funded by the Veterans' Affairs, of potential
long-term health effects of participation in Project SHAD. In
general, there was no difference in all-cause mortality between
Project SHAD participants and nonparticipant controls, although
participants statistically had a significantly higher risk of death
due to heart disease, had higher levels of neurodegenerative
medical conditions and higher rates of symptoms with no medical
basis. Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD
focuses on the potential health effects of participation in Project
SHAD. It is a useful resource for government defense agencies,
scientists and health professionals.
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