BOILER MAKING FOR BOILER MAKERS. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON WORK IN THE SHOP. SHOWING THE BEST METHODS OF RIVETING, BRACING, AND STAYING, PUNCHING, DRILLING, SMITHING, ETC. AND THE MOSTECONOMICAL MANNER OF OBTAINING THE BEST QUALITY OF OUTPUT AT THE LEAST EXPENSE. W. H. FORD, . 1904. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. MATERIALS 9 II. TESTING MATERIALS 14 III. BOILER FORMS, 20 IV. RIVETED JOINTS 44 V. BRACING AND STAYING 58 VI. FLANGING 92 VII. WELDING PLATE 108 VIII. ANNEALING 115 IX. SMITHING 121 X. PUNCHING 138 XI. DRILLING 150 XII. TRIMMING 155 XIII. COLD BENDING 159 XIV. SETTING UP 164 XV. CALKING 175 XVI. TUBE SETTING 181 XVII. FITTINGS 189 XVIII. TESTING 196 XIX. ORDERING STOCK 204 1.39797 PREFACE. Shortly after entering the profession of mechanical drafting, I was given a boiler to design. That is to make a working drawing. I had been taught the principles as to the capacity or size in relation to the power, the thickness of shell required to resist the strains, and other such generalities which relate to types and relative economy, but barely a hint was given me as to the multifarious small details - which go to make up the difference between work made for sale and that made for service. In consequence of my lack of knowl- edge, I was compelled to consult the foreman boiler-maker oftener than I should. He being as kind as he was experienced, generously gave me the required information for that boiler. This of course not being sufficient for my wants, I set about looking for works on the subject. My disappointment was great, indeed, to find that among the very few books on the subject, there were absolutely none which gave the information that I desired. Such as were complete buriedthemselves over neck and ears in abstruse formulas which ic is doubtful if the authors could solve after a months absence from the work, I commenced making notes of any and every thing on the subject not only the details, but the methods of making them. Having shownmy notes to a foreman boiler-maker he advised me to write them out, and have them printed, for it was just such matter as every boiler-maker wanted. This having been done and shown to several boiler-makers, further encouragement was given to go ahead. If any should ask, why the power or capacity and economy of boilers is not touched upon, I would say that that is strictly in the field of Engineering, which apparently is well filled, while this book is entirely devoted to the At thesame time it is to be Workshop. hoped thatsome engineers, at least those just entering into the workaday world, may find something that will help them while relieving the boiler-makers of many disagreeable and difficult constructions. Again it may be asked why then I introduce strength of materials and such matters. In answer I would say that nine out of ten drawings sent to the shop, leave such things entirely to the boiler-makers, who, more than half of them, have no time to study Rankine or mathematical science, even were they so disposed. The endeavor, in this work, is to make it one of ready reference, at the same time enabling one to work out for himself, in a simple way such problems as would naturally come up in the course of his daily work. W. H. FORD. December 23, 1885. I. MATERIALS. Practically, wrought iron and steel are the only metals used in boilers. Some few have brass or copper tubes where wood is used for fuel. Copper fireboxeshave long been discarded in this country. The extra thickness re- quired for strength as well as to allow for the rapid deterioration caused by the action of coal gasses more than mak- ing up for its greater power duction...