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Understanding evidence is critical in a court of law - and it is
just as important for critical thinking. Elizabeth Loftus, a
pioneering psychologist, made a landmark contribution to both these
areas in Eyewitness Testimony, a trail-blazing work that undermines
much of the decision-making made by judges and juries by pointing
out how flawed eyewitness testimony actually is. Reporting the
results of an eye-opening series of experiments and trials, Loftus
explores the ways in which - unbeknownst to the witnesses
themselves - memory can be distorted and become highly unreliable.
Much of Loftus's work is based on expert use of the critical
thinking skill of interpretation. Her work not only highlights
multiple problems of definition with regard to courtroom testimony,
but also focuses throughout on how best we can understand the
meaning of the available evidence. Eyewitness Testimony is arguably
the best place in the Macat library to begin any investigation of
how to use and understand interpretation.
Michael R. Gottfredson and Travish Hirschi's 1990 A General Theory
of Crime is a classic text that helped reshape the discipline of
criminology. It is also a testament to the powers of clear
reasoning and interpretation. In critical thinking terms, reasoning
is all about presenting a solid and persuasive case - and as many
people instinctively understand, the most persuasive reasoning is
that which bases itself on a single, simple hook. In Gottfredson
and Hirschi's case, this hook was what has come to be known as the
"self-control theory of crime" - the idea that the tendency to
commit crime is directly related to an individual's level of
self-control. While the dominant schools of thought of the time
tended to focus on crime as the product of complex environmental
factors, with little attempt to unify different theories,
Gottfredson and Hirschi sought to interpret things so as to provide
a single overarching concept that explained why crimes of all sorts
were committed. Moreover, while other theories of crime
concentrated on understanding and explaining specific types of
law-breaking, the self-control model could, in Gottfredson and
Hirschi's view, be seen as the basis for understanding the root
cause for all crime in all contexts. While such simplicity
inevitably attracted as much criticism as agreement, subsequent
studies have provided real-world corroboration for the General
Theory's persuasive reasoning.
There is arguably no more famous book about the arts of interpretation and analysis than Sigmund Freud’s 1899 Interpretation of Dreams. Though the original edition of just 600 copies took eight years to sell out, it eventually became a classic text that helped cement Freud’s reputation as one of the most significant intellectual figures of the 19th and 20th centuries. In critical thinking, just as in Freud’s psychoanalytical theories, interpretation is all about understanding the meaning of evidence, and tracing the significance of things. Analysis can then be brought in to tease out the implicit reasons and assumptions that lie underneath the interpreted evidence.
Interpretation of Dreams is a masterclass in building telling analyses from ingenious interpretation of evidence. Freud worked from the assumption that all dreams were significant attempts by the unconscious to resolve conflicts. As a result, he argued, they contain in altered and disguised forms clues to our deepest unconscious urges and desires. Each must be taken on its own terms to tease out what they really mean. Though Freud’s theories have often been criticized, he remains the undisputed master of interpretation – with his critics suggesting that he was, if anything, too ingenious for his own good.
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!
Michael R. Gottfredson and Travish Hirschi’s 1990 A General Theory of Crime is a classic text that helped reshape the discipline of criminology. It is also a testament to the powers of clear reasoning and interpretation.
In critical thinking terms, reasoning is all about presenting a solid and persuasive case – and as many people instinctively understand, the most persuasive reasoning is that which bases itself on a single, simple hook. In Gottfredson and Hirschi’s case, this hook was what has come to be known as the “self-control theory of crime” – the idea that the tendency to commit crime is directly related to an individual’s level of self-control.
While the dominant schools of thought of the time tended to focus on crime as the product of complex environmental factors, with little attempt to unify different theories, Gottfredson and Hirschi sought to interpret things so as to provide a single overarching concept that explained why crimes of all sorts were committed. Moreover, while other theories of crime concentrated on understanding and explaining specific types of law-breaking, the self-control model could, in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s view, be seen as the basis for understanding the root cause for all crime in all contexts. While such simplicity inevitably attracted as much criticism as agreement, subsequent studies have provided real-world corroboration for the General Theory’s persuasive reasoning.
It came to me that I was called to war and I should pray with the
level of authority given to me by God. So I told him that he too is
called to war and he most pray each day of his life. People who
claim to have seen these Shadow People all share similar stories of
being in the dark in bed and seeing something that is darker than
their pitch-black room. They are said to be human figures that you
first see out of the corner of your eye. Usually these presences
are seen as just silhouettes, other accounts recall them to be
appearing male wearing hats and with long coats but still have no
discernible face or features. While they do sound to be kind of
like ghosts, they are quite different.
A romantic relationship can be intertwined with spiritual or
religious beliefs. The characters in an inspirational romance Poems
and Poetry often find themselves dealing with the challenges of
their feelings, needs and desires within the tapestry of their
beliefs and the beliefs of those around them.
The Case of the Greedy Goat is the seventh story in the Private
Investigators Club series. If you have read the introductions to
the other stories in the series, you will appreciate the fact that
the young detectives like solving mysteries. The story starts with
Tommy reporting that he has received an invitation for the club
members to have a holiday at Mr. J's cottage in return for helping
him open it for the summer. With some difficulty he leads them
through the formal procedures to accept the invitation. They are
driven to Chaffey's Lock and taken by boat to a remote cottage on
Scott Island. While working on the task of getting the water system
working, their cell phones mysteriously disappear. Mr. J suspects
the Greedy Goat has eaten them. The story continues as the
detectives search for their phones, assist with some difficult
maintenance tasks and have a few adventures. They fear that Mr. J
has flipped and try, unsuccessfully, to escape. Luckily, it all
works out in the end. The stories in the Private Investigators Club
series are readers for students of age eight or older. People of
any age who are learning English as a Second Language may find them
entertaining and educational. This story explains the Canadian
obsession with lakes and cottages, providing insight into some of
the joys and frustrations of owning a cottage. After each chapter,
there is a list of definitions of those words used for the first
time and a lesson that explores the situation in the chapter. Some
questions are suitable discussion topics, others require using the
Internet. Answers are provided so you can determine whether or not
you really understand what is going on. There are many jokes or
humorous situations in the story. Because some readers will not get
the joke, a chapter titled Humor Explained identifies what the
author is trying to do with the amusing sections. Anyone interested
in writing in English is invited to produce another story in the
series. Details are provided on the Publisher's website. The
Publisher wishes to encourage students to do creative writing and
will accept submissions on any topic. Periodically, an eBook of
submitted stories is published so this is one way for you to become
an established author.
The Case of the Diligent Detectives begins with Bobby running the
meeting. It is his turn to be President. He wants the young
detectives to become more diligent in their investigations. He
overrules various suggestions for investigation and homes in on the
brown blotches that are appearing on the grass. He suspects that
alien spacecraft are hovering over the city at night and shining
powerful laser beams at the ground, thereby causing the death of
the grass in various places. He decides that he needs to sit in a
pup tent in the park and take photos of any flying saucers that
come by. The others agree to investigate but decide to trick him by
building a small flying saucer that they can float over his tent.
Dick builds the device and paints his hockey mask green. He gets
dressed in green pajamas. After dark, the three conspirators arrive
in front of Bobby's tent and start making alien noises. The trick
backfires. Bobby is not amused. The next night, to make up for
their insubordination, the three other detectives camp out and
investigate diligently. What happens has to be read to be believed.
The story provides an opportunity for the reader to learn Morse
code, a little French and the unexplained mysteries of aliens who
come in the night. The stories in the Private Investigators Club
series are "readers" for students of age eight or older. People of
any age who are learning English as a Second Language may find them
entertaining. Anyone interested in writing in English is invited to
produce another story in the series. Details are provided on the
Publisher's website. The Publisher wishes to encourage students to
do creative writing and will accept submissions on any topic.
Periodically, an eBook of submitted stories is published so this is
one way for you to become an established author.
The Case of the Electrified Envoy is the contest winning story
sponsored by the Publisher of the Private Investigators Club
series. If you have read the introductions to the other stories in
the series, you will appreciate the fact that the story was a last
minute entry by the Publisher himself. The story starts with Bobby
urging the young detectives to be more professional. To that end,
he wants everyone to suggest someone who they can follow as though
he were a suspect. They choose an older man who has just moved to
Brockville. Dick acts as scout and reports when the man leaves his
apartment. Mary scoots over to the supermarket to observe him.
Before long all four of the young detectives have the suspect under
control. The situation rapidly deteriorates when the suspect's
landlady blows their cover. They all congregate in the suspect's
apartment and he tells them what he is doing in Brockville. The
discussion gets pretty technical and before long Bobby heads home
as he cannot understand it. The others listen to the tale of the
unlikely research the Professor is planning. He sets up a
demonstration of a portal to another world. Mary walks through the
portal and promptly disappears. Tommy and Dick are concerned and
call the police. Even the Professor is amazed. The story continues
with many twists and turns but luckily for those who want to read
the next book in the series, all the detectives survive, we
believe. The stories in the Private Investigators Club series are
"readers" for students of age eight or older. People of any age who
are learning English as a Second Language may find them
entertaining. This story discusses concepts that may be difficult
for an eight year old to understand. Anyone interested in writing
in English is invited to produce another story in the series.
Details are provided on the Publisher's website. The Publisher
wishes to encourage students to do creative writing and will accept
submissions on any topic. Periodically, an eBook of submitted
stories is published so this is one way for you to become an
established author.
The Case of the Forgotten Fort is the sixth story in the Private
Investigators Club series. If you have read the introductions to
the other stories in the series, you will appreciate the fact that
the young detectives like solving mysteries. The story starts with
Bobby suggesting that they try to find out what the City of
Brockville is hiding in the closed and locked railway tunnel under
the city. That night they go exploring, break into the tunnel and
find many items that they conclude the Department of Public Works
is storing there. Mary gets caught as she leaves the tunnel and is
forced to seal the others inside. Tommy's uncle, a detective on the
police force, comes to her aid and releases the boys. However, some
illegal activities are discovered and Mary is provided police
protection. The story includes some police lingo, a police lineup
and a police arrest. The story continues with many twists and turns
but luckily for those who want to read the next book in the series,
the young detectives survive and are instrumental in improving the
tourist attractions to Brockville. The stories in the Private
Investigators Club series are "readers" for students of age eight
or older. People of any age who are learning English as a Second
Language may find them entertaining. Anyone interested in writing
in English is invited to produce another story in the series.
Details are provided on the Publisher's website. The Publisher
wishes to encourage students to do creative writing and will accept
submissions on any topic. Periodically, an eBook of submitted
stories is published so this is one way for you to become an
established author.
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