In When Work Disappears, Harvard sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996) notes that African Americans in Chicago who attended Catholic schools are viewed more favorably by employers than African Americans who attended public schools. Such findings corroborate a widely though not univer sally-held view that Catholic schools succeed in boosting mobility for children of less-privileged families. Can its success bebroadened? Nobel-prize winning economist Robert Fogel (2000) drawing upon the research by Wilson and oth ers suggests that Catholic schools might play a larger role in promoting an egalitarian society, if grants were made available to poor students that could be used in the parochial school sector. Nobel-prize winning economists Milton Friedman (1962) and Gary Becker (1989) also make strong cases for education vouchers and for more competition in primary and secondary education in the United States. From a different perspective, Archbishop of Chicago Francis Cardinal George argues that Catholic "education that is faith-based, that pro vides values and discipline, that is Jesus-centered, has the potential to trans form the world" (Archdiocese of Chicago, 2000b). Despite such opinions, there is controversy concerning the measured effects of Catholic schooling on educational attainment, academic achieve ment, and other tangible outcomes."

This study, based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered over a twelve-year period, takes its title from the two predominant styles of gang violence: "drive-bys," which have replaced "rumbles" as the primary form of gang violence; and "gang-bangs"--a generic term for other gang violence that includes assaults, knifings, and beatings.

The author attempts to understand the situations in which a young man would drive up to another human being and, without further ado, blow his head off. By examining hundreds of such situations, and employing both structural and phenomenological analysis, Sanders explores the various configurations of gang violence.

Gangbangs and Drive-bys also examines the routines of gang members and their view of life, the different styles of gangs, and changes undergone by gangs from the early 1980s to the end of the same decade. Over that period, the emphasis shifted from parties and paybacks to big money from the sale of rock cocaine, and from unstructured to organized crime. Along with that shift came an increase in the violence.

Finally, Sanders traces the beginning and evolution of a metropolitan police gang unit over the same decade in order to present an inside view of how the police attempt to deal with and understand gangs.

Considering the effects of a Catholic heritage on families as a whole and on individuals within families, William Sander looks at the patterns of marriage and intermarriage, divorce, and fertility. He then turns to human capital issues, in-eluding the effects of a Catholic background on academic achievement, earnings, employment, and health habits. Examining the effects of Catholic schooling, Sander takes into account the select nature of the Catholic school population and shows that Catholic high schools have a large negative effect on dropout rates but a positive effect on the test scores of African Americans and Hispanics.

Considering the effects of a Catholic heritage on families as a whole and on individuals within families, William Sander looks at the patterns of marriage and intermarriage, divorce, and fertility. He then turns to human capital issues, in-eluding the effects of a Catholic background on academic achievement, earnings, employment, and health habits. Examining the effects of Catholic schooling, Sander takes into account the select nature of the Catholic school population and shows that Catholic high schools have a large negative effect on dropout rates but a positive effect on the test scores of African Americans and Hispanics.

In When Work Disappears, Harvard sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996) notes that African Americans in Chicago who attended Catholic schools are viewed more favorably by employers than African Americans who attended public schools. Such findings corroborate a widely though not univer sally-held view that Catholic schools succeed in boosting mobility for children of less-privileged families. Can its success bebroadened? Nobel-prize winning economist Robert Fogel (2000) drawing upon the research by Wilson and oth ers suggests that Catholic schools might play a larger role in promoting an egalitarian society, if grants were made available to poor students that could be used in the parochial school sector. Nobel-prize winning economists Milton Friedman (1962) and Gary Becker (1989) also make strong cases for education vouchers and for more competition in primary and secondary education in the United States. From a different perspective, Archbishop of Chicago Francis Cardinal George argues that Catholic "education that is faith-based, that pro vides values and discipline, that is Jesus-centered, has the potential to trans form the world" (Archdiocese of Chicago, 2000b). Despite such opinions, there is controversy concerning the measured effects of Catholic schooling on educational attainment, academic achieve ment, and other tangible outcomes."

Build server-side applications more efficiently - and improve your PHP programming skills in the process - by learning how to use design patterns in your code. This book shows you how to apply several object-oriented patterns through simple examples, and demonstrates many of them in full-fledged working applications. Learn how these reusable patterns help you solve complex problems, organize object-oriented code, and revise a big project by only changing small parts. With Learning PHP Design Patterns, you'll learn how to adopt a more sophisticated programming style and dramatically reduce development time. Learn design pattern concepts, including how to select patterns to handle specific problems Get an overview of object-oriented programming concepts such as composition, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance Apply creational design patterns to create pages dynamically, using a factory method instead of direct instantiation Make changes to existing objects or structure without having to change the original code, using structural design patterns Use behavioral patterns to help objects work together to perform tasks Interact with MySQL, using behavioral patterns such as Proxy and Chain of Responsibility Explore ways to use PHP's built-in design pattern interfaces

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, QEST 2014, held in Florence, Italy, in September 2014. The 24 full papers and 5 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 61 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: Kronecker and product form methods; hybrid systems; mean field/population analysis; models and tools; simulation; queueing, debugging and tools; process algebra and equivalences; automata and Markov process theory; applications, theory and tools; and probabilistic model checking.

This illuminating autobiography traces Scarborough?s path out of slavery in Macon, Georgia, to a prolific scholarly career that culminated with his presidency of Wilberforce University. Despite the racism he met as he struggled to establish a place in higher education for African Americans, Scarborough was an exemplary scholar, particularly in the field of classical studies. He was the first African American member of the Modern Language Association, a forty-four-year member of the American Philological Association, and a true champion of higher education. Scarborough advocated the reading, writing, and teaching of liberal arts at a time when illiteracy was rampant due to slavery?s legacy, white supremacists were dismissing the intellectual capability of blacks, and Booker T. Washington was urging African Americans to focus on industrial skills and training. The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough is a valuable historical record of the life and work of a pioneer who helped formalize the intellectual tradition of the black scholar. Michele Valerie Ronnick contextualizes Scarborough?s narrative through extensive notes and by exploring a wide variety of sources such as census records, church registries, period newspapers, and military and university records. This book is indispensable to anyone interested in the history of intellectual endeavor in America, Africana studies and classical studies, in particular, as well as those familiar with the associations and institutions that welcomed and valued Scarborough.