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In When Work Disappears, Harvard sociologist William Julius Wilson
(1996) notes that African Americans in Chicago who attended
Catholic schools are viewed more favorably by employers than
African Americans who attended public schools. Such findings
corroborate a widely though not univer sally-held view that
Catholic schools succeed in boosting mobility for children of
less-privileged families. Can its success bebroadened? Nobel-prize
winning economist Robert Fogel (2000) drawing upon the research by
Wilson and oth ers suggests that Catholic schools might play a
larger role in promoting an egalitarian society, if grants were
made available to poor students that could be used in the parochial
school sector. Nobel-prize winning economists Milton Friedman
(1962) and Gary Becker (1989) also make strong cases for education
vouchers and for more competition in primary and secondary
education in the United States. From a different perspective,
Archbishop of Chicago Francis Cardinal George argues that Catholic
"education that is faith-based, that pro vides values and
discipline, that is Jesus-centered, has the potential to trans form
the world" (Archdiocese of Chicago, 2000b). Despite such opinions,
there is controversy concerning the measured effects of Catholic
schooling on educational attainment, academic achieve ment, and
other tangible outcomes."
This study, based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered
over a twelve-year period, takes its title from the two predominant
styles of gang violence: "drive-bys," which have replaced "rumbles"
as the primary form of gang violence; and "gang-bangs"--a generic
term for other gang violence that includes assaults, knifings, and
beatings.
The author attempts to understand the situations in which a
young man would drive up to another human being and, without
further ado, blow his head off. By examining hundreds of such
situations, and employing both structural and phenomenological
analysis, Sanders explores the various configurations of gang
violence.
Gangbangs and Drive-bys also examines the routines of gang
members and their view of life, the different styles of gangs, and
changes undergone by gangs from the early 1980s to the end of the
same decade. Over that period, the emphasis shifted from parties
and paybacks to big money from the sale of rock cocaine, and from
unstructured to organized crime. Along with that shift came an
increase in the violence.
Finally, Sanders traces the beginning and evolution of a
metropolitan police gang unit over the same decade in order to
present an inside view of how the police attempt to deal with and
understand gangs.
In When Work Disappears, Harvard sociologist William Julius Wilson
(1996) notes that African Americans in Chicago who attended
Catholic schools are viewed more favorably by employers than
African Americans who attended public schools. Such findings
corroborate a widely though not univer sally-held view that
Catholic schools succeed in boosting mobility for children of
less-privileged families. Can its success bebroadened? Nobel-prize
winning economist Robert Fogel (2000) drawing upon the research by
Wilson and oth ers suggests that Catholic schools might play a
larger role in promoting an egalitarian society, if grants were
made available to poor students that could be used in the parochial
school sector. Nobel-prize winning economists Milton Friedman
(1962) and Gary Becker (1989) also make strong cases for education
vouchers and for more competition in primary and secondary
education in the United States. From a different perspective,
Archbishop of Chicago Francis Cardinal George argues that Catholic
"education that is faith-based, that pro vides values and
discipline, that is Jesus-centered, has the potential to trans form
the world" (Archdiocese of Chicago, 2000b). Despite such opinions,
there is controversy concerning the measured effects of Catholic
schooling on educational attainment, academic achieve ment, and
other tangible outcomes."
Build server-side applications more efficiently - and improve your
PHP programming skills in the process - by learning how to use
design patterns in your code. This book shows you how to apply
several object-oriented patterns through simple examples, and
demonstrates many of them in full-fledged working applications.
Learn how these reusable patterns help you solve complex problems,
organize object-oriented code, and revise a big project by only
changing small parts. With Learning PHP Design Patterns, you'll
learn how to adopt a more sophisticated programming style and
dramatically reduce development time. Learn design pattern
concepts, including how to select patterns to handle specific
problems Get an overview of object-oriented programming concepts
such as composition, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance
Apply creational design patterns to create pages dynamically, using
a factory method instead of direct instantiation Make changes to
existing objects or structure without having to change the original
code, using structural design patterns Use behavioral patterns to
help objects work together to perform tasks Interact with MySQL,
using behavioral patterns such as Proxy and Chain of Responsibility
Explore ways to use PHP's built-in design pattern interfaces
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, QEST 2014, held
in Florence, Italy, in September 2014. The 24 full papers and 5
short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and
selected from 61 submissions. They are organized in topical
sections named: Kronecker and product form methods; hybrid systems;
mean field/population analysis; models and tools; simulation;
queueing, debugging and tools; process algebra and equivalences;
automata and Markov process theory; applications, theory and tools;
and probabilistic model checking.
This illuminating autobiography traces Scarborough?s path out of
slavery in Macon, Georgia, to a prolific scholarly career that
culminated with his presidency of Wilberforce University. Despite
the racism he met as he struggled to establish a place in higher
education for African Americans, Scarborough was an exemplary
scholar, particularly in the field of classical studies. He was the
first African American member of the Modern Language Association, a
forty-four-year member of the American Philological Association,
and a true champion of higher education. Scarborough advocated the
reading, writing, and teaching of liberal arts at a time when
illiteracy was rampant due to slavery?s legacy, white supremacists
were dismissing the intellectual capability of blacks, and Booker
T. Washington was urging African Americans to focus on industrial
skills and training. The Autobiography of William Sanders
Scarborough is a valuable historical record of the life and work of
a pioneer who helped formalize the intellectual tradition of the
black scholar. Michele Valerie Ronnick contextualizes Scarborough?s
narrative through extensive notes and by exploring a wide variety
of sources such as census records, church registries, period
newspapers, and military and university records. This book is
indispensable to anyone interested in the history of intellectual
endeavor in America, Africana studies and classical studies, in
particular, as well as those familiar with the associations and
institutions that welcomed and valued Scarborough.
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