This volume is the first dedicated to the comprehensive, in-depth analysis of constructions with nouns like ‘type’ and ‘sort’. It focuses on type noun constructions in Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages, integrating the different descriptive traditions that had been developed for each language family. As a result, a greater variety of type noun constructions is revealed than in the hitherto more fragmented literature. But attention is also drawn to the cross-linguistic similarity of the new pragmatic meanings, such as ad hoc and approximative categorization, hedging, focus and filler uses, and the new grammatical functions in NPs (e.g. phoric uses), clauses (e.g. adverbial uses) and complex sentences (e.g. quotatives). The volume offers survey chapters of type noun constructions in each language family as well as contributions focusing on specific aspects in one or two languages, such as their grammar, semantics and pragmatics, diachronic development, discursive and sociolinguistic variety. These complementary methodologies elucidate the unique cross-linguistic field of type noun constructions both descriptively and theoretically. Hence, this volume can also serve as a model for similar surveys in other functional domains.

Dieses Buch fuhrt Sie in die Welt der Linguistik ein. Anhand des Deutschen sowie mit Bezugen zu den Sprachen Spanisch, Franzoesisch, Italienisch und Englisch lernen Sie, wie in der Linguistik methodisch vorgegangen wird, wie Sprachen lautlich und grammatisch strukturiert sind, sowie welche Bedeutungsphanomene auftreten. In weiteren Kapiteln lernen Sie regionale sowie soziale Variationen einer Sprache kennen, die historische Entwicklung von Sprachen, die Analyse von Texten sowie die Beziehung zwischen Sprache und Schrift. UEber ihre Sprache(n) haben Menschen schon immer nachgedacht. Man versteht die Methodik und Ziele der heutigen Linguistik besser, wenn die geschichtliche Entwicklung dieser Disziplin in Grundzugen bekannt ist. Im letzten Kapitel lernen Sie daher anhand von Biographien ausgewahlter Koryphaen der Linguistik, welche Entwicklungen die Linguistik gepragt haben. In jedem Kapitel befinden sich Selbstfragen sowie UEbungsaufgaben, mit denen Sie die gelernten Inhalte einuben und vertiefen koennen.

Ever since antiquity conceptual hierarchies have been an indispensable element in western thinking on knowledge structures. They are also considered to be a central principle in the organization of lexis. The cognitive salience of the base level discovered in the last few decades has caused doubts to be raised about the dominance of logical inclusion relations in everyday language. With reference to French, Spanish, and lexical data from other languages, the study demonstrates that there are numerous linguistic features supporting the view that the structure of ordinary vocabulary is rooted in the base level rather than in logical hierarchies.