Like Bohr, Einstein and Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli was not only a Nobel laureate and one of the creators of modern physics, but also an eminent philosopher of modern science. This is the first book in English to include all his famous articles on physics and epistemology. They were actually translated during Pauli's lifetime by R. Schlapp and are now edited and annotated by Pauli's former assistant Ch. Enz. Pauli writes about the philosophical significance of complementarity, about space, time and causality, symmetry and the exclusion principle, but also about therole of the unconscious in modern science. His famous article on Kepler is included as well as many historical essays on Bohr, Ehrenfest, and Einstein as well as on the influence of the unconscious on scientific theories. The book addresses not only physicists, philosophers and historians of science, but also the general public.

Aus Paulis letztem Lebensjahrzehnt sind über 2000 Briefe erhalten und in diesem grundlegenden Werk zur Physikgeschichte der Nachkriegszeit zusammengefaßt. Neben der Physik wird hier auch der allgemeinere geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund unserer Naturwissenschaft beleuchtet. Dieser Teilband enthält wissenschaftliche Korrespondez über grundlegende und andere allgemeine Fragen der Physik der Jahre 1955-1956. In diese Zeit fallen der Beginn der axiomatischen Feldtheorie, die Anfänge von CERN, der Berner Relativitätskongress zur 50-Jahr-Feier von Einsteins Entdeckung sowie N. Bohrs 70. Geburtstag und natürlich die frühe Geschichte des Neutrinos. Pauli und seine Briefpartner nehmen aktiv an diesen Ereignissen teil und beleuchten sie in eindrucksvoller Weise in ihrer Korrespondenz. Die reich annotierten und kommentierten Briefe sind chronologisch angeordnet und durch Verzeichnisse und Register erschlossen. From the final decade of Pauli's life, nearly 2000 letters survive. These are collected in this fundamental work on the history of physics in the post-war era. Going beyond physics, these letters also shed light on the cultural and philosophical background of our natural sciences.This part of the collection contains scientific correspondence about fundamental and other general questions concerning physics in the years 1955-1956. This period saw the beginnings of axiomatic field theories, the birth of CERN, the Berner Relativity Congress marking the 50th Anniversary of Einstein's discovery, and N. Bohr's 70th birthday. They were also the formative years of neutrino physics. Pauli and his correspondence partners played an active role in these events and illuminate them in an impressive manner in their letters. The extensively annotated and commented letters are organized chronologically and complemented by indexes and references.

Inhaltsubersicht: Das Jahr 1930: Die Neutrinohypothese. - Das Jahr 1931: Erste Kernphysik-Kongresse und Amerikareise. Das Jahr 1932. Die Entdeckung des Neutrons. - Das Jahr 1933: Substraktionsphysik und Lochertheorie Faksimile des Briefes; 314; Pauli an Heisenberg. - Das Jahr 1934: Die Pauli-Weisskopf-Theorie. - Das Jahr 1935: Die zweite Amerikareise. - Das Jahr 1936: Gitterwelt und Theorie der kosmischen Strahlung. - Das Jahr 1937: Kosmische Strahlung. - Das Jahr 1938: Kernkrafte und Yukonen. - Das Jahr 1939: Die Theorie der Mesonenfelder. - Nachtrag zu Band I, 1919-1929. - Anhang.

Aus Paulis letztem Lebensjahrzehnt sind uber 2000 Briefe erhalten und in diesem grundlegenden Werk zur Physikgeschichte der Nachkriegszeit zusammengefasst. Neben der Physik wird hier auch der allgemeinere geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund unserer Naturwissenschaft beleuchtet. Dieser Teilband enthalt wissenschaftliche Korrespondez uber grundlegende und andere allgemeine Fragen der Physik der Jahre 1955-1956. In diese Zeit fallen der Beginn der axiomatischen Feldtheorie, die Anfange von CERN, der Berner Relativitatskongress zur 50-Jahr-Feier von Einsteins Entdeckung sowie N. Bohrs 70. Geburtstag und naturlich die fruhe Geschichte des Neutrinos. Pauli und seine Briefpartner nehmen aktiv an diesen Ereignissen teil und beleuchten sie in eindrucksvoller Weise in ihrer Korrespondenz. Die reich annotierten und kommentierten Briefe sind chronologisch angeordnet und durch Verzeichnisse und Register erschlossen. From the final decade of Pauli's life, nearly 2000 letters survive. These are collected in this fundamental work on the history of physics in the post-war era. Going beyond physics, these letters also shed light on the cultural and philosophical background of our natural sciences. This part of the collection contains scientific correspondence about fundamental and other general questions concerning physics in the years 1955-1956. This period saw the beginnings of axiomatic field theories, the birth of CERN, the Berner Relativity Congress marking the 50th Anniversary of Einstein's discovery, and N. Bohr's 70th birthday. They were also the formative years of neutrino physics. Pauli and his correspondence partners played an active role in these events and illuminate them in an impressive manner in their letters. The extensively annotated and commented letters are organized chronologically and complemented by indexes and references.

Aus Paulis letztem Lebensjahrzehnt sind uber 2000 Briefe erhalten und in diesem grundlegenden Werk zur Physikgeschichte der Nachkriegszeit zusammengefasst. Neben der Physik wird hier auch der allgemeinere geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund unserer Naturwissenschaft beleuchtet. Dieser Teilband enthalt wissenschaftliche Korrespondez uber grundlegende und andere allgemeine Fragen der Physik der 50er Jahre: Elementarteilchen, Erkenntnistheorie und Quantenfeldtheorie. Im besonderen wird hier die Geschichte der fruhen Quantenfeldtheorie beleuchtet. Die reich annotierten und kommentierten Briefe sind chronologisch angeordnet und durch Verzeichnisse und Register erschlossen. From the last decade of Paulis life, more than 2000 of his letters have survived. Together they represent a remarkable contribution to the history of post-war physics. In addition to discussing questions of physics they provide illuminating insights into debates on the philosophical and human components of the history of science. This part of Volume IV contains scientific correspondence on foundational and other general problems of physics in the 1950s: elementary particles, epistemology, and quantum field theory. In particular, one can clearly trace the development of the early quantum field theory. Generous annotations and commentary accompany the letters, which are ordered chronologically and listed in registers and an index for easy access.

Like Bohr, Einstein and Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli was not only a Nobel laureate and one of the creators of modern physics, but also an eminent philosopher of modern science. This is the first book in English to include all his famous articles on physics and epistemology. They were actually translated during Pauli's lifetime by R. Schlapp and are now edited and annotated by Pauli's former assistant Ch. Enz. Pauli writes about the philosophical significance of complementarity, about space, time and causality, symmetry and the exclusion principle, but also about therole of the unconscious in modern science. His famous article on Kepler is included as well as many historical essays on Bohr, Ehrenfest, and Einstein as well as on the influence of the unconscious on scientific theories. The book addresses not only physicists, philosophers and historians of science, but also the general public.

I am very happy to accept the translators' invitation to write a few lines of introduction to this book. Of course, there is little need to explain the author. Pauli's first famous work, his article on the theory of relativity in the Encyklopadie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften was written at the age of twenty. He afterwards took part in the development of atomic physics from the still essentially classical picture of Bohr's early work to the true quantum mechanics. Thereafter, some of his work concerned the treatment of problems in the framework of the new theory, especially his paper on the hydrogen atom following the matrix method without recourse to Schrodinger's analytic form of the theory. His greatest achievement, the exclusion principle, generally known today under his own name as the Pauli principle, that governs the quantum theory of all problems including more than one electron, preceded the basic work of Heisenberg and Schrodinger, and brought him the Nobel prize. It includes the mathematical treatment of the spin by means of the now so well known Pauli matrices. In 1929, in a paper with Heisenberg, he laid the foundation of quantum electrodynamics and, in doing so, to the whole theory of quantized wave fields which was to become the via regia of access to elementary particle physics, since here for the first time processes of generation and annihilation of particles could be described for the case of the photons.

Im Alter von 21 Jahren hat W. Pauli einen Handbuchartikel zur Relativitatstheorie verfasst, der bis heute gelesen und zitiert wird. Er ist wohl der beruhmteste Text zum Thema und wurde nicht zuletzt von A. Einstein begeistert gewurdigt. Die vorliegende Neuausgabe enthalt den Originalartikel sowie weitere, teilweise recht ausfuhrliche Erganzungen, die Pauli im Jahre 1956 fur die englische Ausgabe schrieb. Eine Reihe von Anmerkungen des Herausgebers dienen daruber hinaus als Lesehilfen und zeigen Verbindungen zu modernen Entwicklungen auf."

Der Pauli-Briefwechsel ist eine der wichtigsten Quellen zur Geschichte der Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Fur diesen ersten Teilband wurden zunachst 430 Briefe aus den Jahren 1950 - 1952 ausgewahlt. Sie dokumentieren neben der physikalischen Grundlagenforschung die ideengeschichtlichen Probleme dieser Zeit. UEber das rein historische Interesse hinausgehend wird der Leser zur Reflexion uber die Grenzen unseres gegenwartigen naturwissenschaftlichen Weltbildes angeregt. Ein Standardwerk fur jeden, der sich ernsthaft mit der Geschichte der Physik auseinandersetzt.

Die vorliegende Briefsammlungenthalt BriefevonundanWolfgangPauliwahrend der Zeitspanne 1919 bis 1929. Viele Autoren haben diese Zeit mit Recht als die "goldene Periode der Physik"betrachtet. Bis zu dieser Zeithatten die Physiker eine ungeheure Menge von Fakten iiber die Eigenschaften der Atome angesammelt, insbesondere in den Resultaten der Spektralanalyse. AIle diese Resultate wider- sprachen den Erwartungen der klassischen Physik. Zwar war das Bohrsche Atommodell, erganzt durch die Betrachtungen Sommerfelds, wohl im Stande, einige dieser Tatsachen zu beschreiben, solange es sich urn die einfachsten Atome handelte, in denen man bloB die Bewegung eines Elektrons in Betracht zu ziehen hatte, wie in Wasserstoffatomen oder in den Alkaliatomen. In allen Mehr- Elektronensystemen und in den Fragen der Feinstruktur der Spektrallinien versagte aber dieses Modell vollig, und selbst in den Einzel-Elektron-Problemen erschienen die Grundlagen des Modells als plausible, aber willkiirliche Annahmen. Dan-n kam die Quantenmechanik und anderte alles mit einem Schlag. Die Ratsel waren gelost, das Verhalten der Atome konnte mit eindeutigen und logischen Mitteln erklart und im Prinzip berechnet werden. Selten, vielleicht noch nie in der Geistesgeschichte, haben so wenig Leute soviel in so kurzer Zeit geleistet. Innerhalb weniger Jahre, von 1925 bis 1928, waren die Prinzipien festgelegt, auf denen die Spezifitat und die Stabilitat der Atome beruhen; es wurden die Grundlagen der chemischen Bindung aufgedeckt und ebenso die Grundlagen der Struktur der Metalle und anderer Festkorper. Alles fiigte sich zusammen in ein logisches Gebaude, das auf ganz neuartigen Ideen beruhte, die den Grundideen der klassischen Physik in revolutionarer Weise widersprachen.

Im Alter von 21 Jahren hat W. Pauli einen Handbuchartikel zur Relativitatstheorie verfasst, der bis heute gelesen und zitiert wird. Er ist wohl der beruhmteste Text zum Thema und wurde nicht zuletzt von A. Einstein begeistert gewurdigt. Die vorliegende Neuausgabe enthalt den Originalartikel sowie weitere, teilweise recht ausfuhrliche Erganzungen, die Pauli im Jahre 1956 fur die englische Ausgabe schrieb. Eine Reihe von Anmerkungen des Herausgebers dienen daruber hinaus als Lesehilfen und zeigen Verbindungen zu modernen Entwicklungen auf."

W. Paulis Handbuchartikel Die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Wellenmechanik ubertraf fur Jahrzehnte alle anderen Darstellungen an Tiefe und Grundlichkeit. Er sollte nach wie vor von jedem Studierenden, der sich ernsthaft mit den Grundlagen der Quantentheorie auseinandersetzen will, zu Rate gezogen werden. Paulis konzentrierte Darstellung der nichtrelativistischen Quantenmechanik hat als Klassiker die Zeiten uberdauert. Sie macht den ersten Teil des Werks aus, der zweite behandelt Diracs relativistische Quantentheorie zum Einkoerperproblem und zur Strahlung. Der Herausgeber hat das Werk durch ein wissenschaftliches Kurzportrait Paulis und zahlreiche Anmerkungen erganzt, so dass das Buch auch als ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte gesehen werden muss. Das Buch eignet sich fur Studenten ab dem 4. Semester.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

MESON THEORY OF NUCLEAR FORCES WOLFGANG PAULI THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, AND FEDERAL POLYTECHNICUM ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SECOND EDITION 1948 INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, LTD. LONDON Copyright, 1946, 1948, by INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. 215 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. Printed in the United States of America by Mack Printing Company, Easton, Pa. First Edition, 1946 Second Edition, 1948 All rights reserved This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without per mission of the publisher in writing. This applies specifically to photostatic and microfilm reproductions. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Since the publication of the last edition some of the older experiments particularly those on angular dis tribution in proton-neutron scattering have been ren dered obsolete by more recent work. In addition, some consequences of the strong coupling theory have been clarified. In this respect, improvements have been introduced into the text. On the other hand, the provisional state of the meson theory has become still more obvious as a result of the experimental discovery of at least two kinds of mesons by C. F. Powell and G. P. S. Occhialini, and by the absence of negative meson capture by the lighter nuclei by M. Conversi, E. Pancini, and O. Piccioni. In view of the failure of all present theories in explaining these new facts, the author saw no possibility of making an essential improvement in the substance of this book. But the recent success of C. M. G. Lattes and E. Gardner in producing mesons artificially will presum ably bring forth a great change of the whole situation in the near future. Zurich, Switzerland WOLFGANG PAULI June, 1948 Preface to the First Edition The purpose of this volume is to make accessible to a larger number of readers the lectures which I gave in the autumn of 1944 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Without pretending to contain any thing essentially new, they may serve to give to students and research workers a first orientation in the more recent literature on the theory of the interaction of mesons with protons and neutrons nucleons and the interactions between nucleons derived from it. Despite the imperfections of my lectures, the original notes written by Dr. J. F. Carlson and Dr. A. J. F. Siegert have been amended only slightly, to preserve the in formal character of the lectures and to emphasize the very provisional state of the problems in question, to which new experiments may in the future make im portant contributions. Special thanks are extended to Dr. S. T. Ma for reading and checking the proofs. Princeton, New Jersey WOLFGANG PAULI February, 1946 CONTENTS PREFACE v CHAPTER I 1 Various Types of Meson Fields 3 Scalar Charged Meson Field 4 Pseudoscalar Symmetric Theory 6 Vector-Field Theory 8 CHAPTER II 11 Theory of Extended Source 12 CHAPTER III 25 Scattering of Mesons 25 Magnetic Moment in the Strong Coupling Case 34 Magnetic Moment in the Weak Coupling Case . 38 CHAPTER IV 41 Quantum Theory of Scattering 41 Theory of Radiation Damping 41 Heisenbergs Observable Quantities 1 ... 46 Proof that 5 is Unitary 48 CHAPTER V 52 Theory of Neutron-Proton Scattering 52 CHAPTER VI 57 Strong Coupling Theory of the Two-Nucleon Sys tem 57 Concluding Remarks 65 APPENDIX 67 CHAPTER I The meson theory of nuclear forces has been de veloped in analogyto the theory of the Coulomb force, which arises from the interaction of charged particles with the electromagnetic field. The short range of the nuclear forces is obtained by letting the particles corre sponding to the photons have a rest mass, 1 the range of forces arising from a field of particles of rest mass x being H JLC. From experiments on scattering of neutrons by protons the range of nuclear forces is known to be 2 X 10 13 cm, which leads to a rest mass -t 200 electron masses...

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MEDICINE SEVEN ADDRESSES BY DR. WOLFGANG PAULI Privatdoccnt in Internal Medicine at the University vj Vienna AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY DR. MARTIN H. FISCHER Processor oj Pathology at the Oakland College of Medicine FIAST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY SONS . LONDON CHAPMAN HALL, LIMITED 1907 Copyright, 1906 BY MARTIN H. FISCHER ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK AUTHORS PREFACE. THE addresses which have been collected for the first time in this volume and which were delivered in the main as summaries of my own special investigations concern themselves with the application of physical chemistry to different fields in medicine as rendered possible more particularly through advances in the physics and chemistry, of organic colloids. In that questions in physiology as well as pathology and pharmacology are touched upon, it m y perhaps be hoped that different circles of medical men may be interested in the problems discussed in this volume. The translated addresses differ in only a few unimpor tant abbreviations from the original. The development of the guiding thought common to all of them stands out quite clearly. Its foundation is the extensive parallelism between the laws which govern changes in the colloidal state in vitro and in the living organism. Even though the future may become acquainted with many a new fact through which the questions discussed in this volume may be made to appear in a different light, it will scarcely be possible to belittle the fruitful ness of the methods described and the stimulating effect iii iv AUTHORS PREFACE. of the results obtained through them. Since all the results that these methods can yield are asyet by no means attained it is hoped that the volume may be looked upon as a modest attempt to win friends capa ble of work in this still young field of labor. WOLFGANG PAULI. VIENNA, May i f 1906. TRANSLATORS PREFACE. IT is hoped that the following translation of a few of Dr. Paulis papers may render some of the work of this modest Viennese investigator already familiar to a large circle of American and English workers accessi ble to yet others. The fundamental character of the subjects touched upon by the author needs no com ment. It is only hoped that the franslation may not have lost too much of the spirit and the letter of the original German. The volume as a whole represents another stone in the structure of physical chemistry in the biological sciences and while it is not the tendency of modern times to divide existing sciences or fo create new ones, specialism is followed as a matter of necessity, so that it will not seem strange if in the near future we shall come to recognize as branches developing separately from the trunk which all these sciences have in common, a physico-chemical physiology and a physico-chemical pathology. MARTIN H. FISCHER. OAKXAND, CALIFORNIA. PREFATORY NOTE TO AMERICAN EDITION. THE advance of medicine is so dependent upon progress in the fundamental sciences of physics, chem istry, and biology that he who will keep abreast of modern conceptions in physiology and pathology is compelled to be more or less conversant with theory and practice in the basal subjects. When one con siders the phenomenal development in recent years, through the work especially of Willard Gibbs, vant Hoff, and Arrhenius, in the domain of what is designated physical chemistry, itis not surprising that attempts should have been made to apply the new knowledge gained to the clearing up of some of the problems which confront the physician...

In 1932, world-renowned physicist Wolfgang Pauli had already done the work that would win him the 1945 Nobel Prize. He was also suffering after a series of troubling personal events. He was drinking heavily, quarrelling frequently, and experiencing powerful, disturbing dreams. Pauli turned to C. G. Jung for help, forging an extraordinary intellectual conjunction not just between a physicist and a psychologist but between physics and psychology. As their acquaintance developed, Jung and Pauli discussed the nature of dreams and their relation to reality, finding surprising common ground between depth psychology and quantum physics and profoundly influencing each other's work.

This portrait of an incredible friendship will fascinate readers interested in psychology, science, creativity, and genius.