Vertex algebra was introduced by Boreherds, and the slightly revised notion "vertex oper- ator algebra" was formulated by Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meurman, in order to solve the problem of the moonshine representation of the Monster group - the largest sporadie group. On the one hand, vertex operator algebras ean be viewed as extensions of eertain infinite-dimensional Lie algebras such as affine Lie algebras and the Virasoro algebra. On the other hand, they are natural one-variable generalizations of commutative associative algebras with an identity element. In a certain sense, Lie algebras and commutative asso- ciative algebras are reconciled in vertex operator algebras. Moreover, some other algebraie structures, such as integral linear lattiees, Jordan algebras and noncommutative associa- tive algebras, also appear as subalgebraic structures of vertex operator algebras. The axioms of vertex operator algebra have geometrie interpretations in terms of Riemman spheres with punctures. The trace functions of a certain component of vertex operators enjoy the modular invariant properties. Vertex operator algebras appeared in physies as the fundamental algebraic structures of eonformal field theory, whieh plays an important role in string theory and statistieal meehanies. Moreover,eonformalfieldtheoryreveals animportantmathematiealproperty,the so called "mirror symmetry" among Calabi-Yau manifolds. The general correspondence between vertex operator algebras and Calabi-Yau manifolds still remains mysterious. Ever since the first book on vertex operator algebras by Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meur- man was published in 1988, there has been a rapid development in vertex operator su- peralgebras, which are slight generalizations of vertex operator algebras.

This book presents the various algebraic techniques for solving partial differential equations to yield exact solutions, techniques developed by the author in recent years and with emphasis on physical equations such as: the Maxwell equations, the Dirac equations, the KdV equation, the KP equation, the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the Davey and Stewartson equations, the Boussinesq equations in geophysics, the Navier-Stokes equations and the boundary layer problems. In order to solve them, I have employed the grading technique, matrix differential operators, stable-range of nonlinear terms, moving frames, asymmetric assumptions, symmetry transformations, linearization techniques and special functions. The book is self-contained and requires only a minimal understanding of calculus and linear algebra, making it accessible to a broad audience in the fields of mathematics, the sciences and engineering. Readers may find the exact solutions and mathematical skills needed in their own research.

This book presents the various algebraic techniques for solving partial differential equations to yield exact solutions, techniques developed by the author in recent years and with emphasis on physical equations such as: the Maxwell equations, the Dirac equations, the KdV equation, the KP equation, the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the Davey and Stewartson equations, the Boussinesq equations in geophysics, the Navier-Stokes equations and the boundary layer problems. In order to solve them, I have employed the grading technique, matrix differential operators, stable-range of nonlinear terms, moving frames, asymmetric assumptions, symmetry transformations, linearization techniques and special functions. The book is self-contained and requires only a minimal understanding of calculus and linear algebra, making it accessible to a broad audience in the fields of mathematics, the sciences and engineering. Readers may find the exact solutions and mathematical skills needed in their own research.

Vertex algebra was introduced by Boreherds, and the slightly revised notion "vertex oper- ator algebra" was formulated by Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meurman, in order to solve the problem of the moonshine representation of the Monster group - the largest sporadie group. On the one hand, vertex operator algebras ean be viewed as extensions of eertain infinite-dimensional Lie algebras such as affine Lie algebras and the Virasoro algebra. On the other hand, they are natural one-variable generalizations of commutative associative algebras with an identity element. In a certain sense, Lie algebras and commutative asso- ciative algebras are reconciled in vertex operator algebras. Moreover, some other algebraie structures, such as integral linear lattiees, Jordan algebras and noncommutative associa- tive algebras, also appear as subalgebraic structures of vertex operator algebras. The axioms of vertex operator algebra have geometrie interpretations in terms of Riemman spheres with punctures. The trace functions of a certain component of vertex operators enjoy the modular invariant properties. Vertex operator algebras appeared in physies as the fundamental algebraic structures of eonformal field theory, whieh plays an important role in string theory and statistieal meehanies. Moreover,eonformalfieldtheoryreveals animportantmathematiealproperty,the so called "mirror symmetry" among Calabi-Yau manifolds. The general correspondence between vertex operator algebras and Calabi-Yau manifolds still remains mysterious. Ever since the first book on vertex operator algebras by Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meur- man was published in 1988, there has been a rapid development in vertex operator su- peralgebras, which are slight generalizations of vertex operator algebras.

The transformation of China's economy has involved major changes in the financial sector. This book offers a detailed and authoritative guide to financial reform in China since 1979. Bank loans replaced budgetary grants as the most important source of funds for investment. A two-tier financial structure, consisting of a central bank and a newly created specialised commercial bank, developed. Nonbank financial institutions also mushroomed. The book outlines the process of change, compares these changes to the earlier mono-banking system, and shows the problems which remained - including the lack of a proper financial control mechanism. There is a detailed case-study of the Shanghai financial markets.