This book is composed of eight chapters, introducing the authors’ research and application achievements in the hazard-causing system and disaster evaluation of water and mud inrush in tunnels over the past 10 years. Through a large number of case studies and analysis, and on the basis of existing research, this book puts forward 3 categories and 11 types of tunnel water and mud inrush hazard-causing systems and 4 typical water and mud inrush disaster-forming modes. The authors carefully study the typical cases of tunnel water and mud inrush hazard-causing system, discuss the types of karst water system, structural characteristics, macro-geological identification, engineering identification, karst tunnel route selection principles and evaluation methods in detail, and then develop a dynamic evaluation method of tunnel water and mud inrush construction risk interval and an evaluation method for the resistance body. Ultimately, the authors put forward a systematic identification method of tunnel water and mud inrush disaster, which integrates geological identification, geophysical exploration identification, and drilling identification, and construct a dynamic management and analysis platform for tunnel water and mud inrush cases. This book is used as a reference book for teachers, graduate students, and undergraduates in colleges and universities of civil engineering, transportation, water conservancy and hydropower, mining, geology, etc., and also as a reference for technicians in related engineering fields.

This book is focused on fundamental aspects of climate variability in the ocean, in particular changes of the wind-driven circulation. The vertical movement of isopycnal (isothermal) layers, including their stretching and compression, is called heaving and stretching. A major part of climate variability in the ocean is heaving in nature. Heave is primarily associated with the adiabatic motions of isopycnal layers due to change of wind stress. It is rather difficult to separate the contributions from adiabatic and diabatic processes. Isopycnal analysis has been widely used in climate study; however, it is much more accurate to study the isopycnal layers. Here climate signals are examined in terms of changes of layer depth, layer thickness, layer temperature/salinity, spicity and others. In addition to the traditional Theta-S diagram, the sigma-pi (potential density - potential spicity) diagram can also be used in analyzing water mass property distribution and climate variability. In fact, a radius of signal can be defined rigorously for signals in the sigma-pi diagram; the combination of isopycnal analysis and evaluation of radius of signal provides a powerful tool in analyzing climate variability in the world oceans.

This book is the fifth volume of the proceedings of the 4th GeoShanghai International Conference that was held on May 27 - 30, 2018. This volume, entitled "Tunneling and Underground Construction", covers the recent advances and technologies in tunneling and underground structure engineering. It presents the state-of-the-art planning philosophy, theories, experiments, methodologies and findings in the related areas. The importance of underground space utilization to the development of human society is also addressed. The challenges and future directions of underground engineering are highlighted. The topics include but are not limited to the tunneling and underground construction induced ground deformation, mechanical behaviors of segmental lining systems, tunneling in challenging situations, maintenance tactic and emergency counter-measures. The book may benefit researchers and scientists from the academic fields of tunneling and underground structure engineering as well as practical engineers from the industry. Each of the papers included in this book received at least two positive peer reviews. The editors would like to express their sincerest appreciation to all of the anonymous reviewers all over the world, for their diligent work.

This book is the fifth volume of the proceedings of the 4th GeoShanghai International Conference that was held on May 27 - 30, 2018. This volume, entitled "Tunneling and Underground Construction", covers the recent advances and technologies in tunneling and underground structure engineering. It presents the state-of-the-art planning philosophy, theories, experiments, methodologies and findings in the related areas. The importance of underground space utilization to the development of human society is also addressed. The challenges and future directions of underground engineering are highlighted. The topics include but are not limited to the tunneling and underground construction induced ground deformation, mechanical behaviors of segmental lining systems, tunneling in challenging situations, maintenance tactic and emergency counter-measures. The book may benefit researchers and scientists from the academic fields of tunneling and underground structure engineering as well as practical engineers from the industry. Each of the papers included in this book received at least two positive peer reviews. The editors would like to express their sincerest appreciation to all of the anonymous reviewers all over the world, for their diligent work.

The volume of data being collected in solar astronomy has exponentially increased over the past decade and we will be entering the age of petabyte solar data. Deep learning has been an invaluable tool exploited to efficiently extract key information from the massive solar observation data, to solve the tasks of data archiving/classification, object detection and recognition. Astronomical study starts with imaging from recorded raw data, followed by image processing, such as image reconstruction, inpainting and generation, to enhance imaging quality. We study deep learning for solar image processing. First, image deconvolution is investigated for synthesis aperture imaging. Second, image inpainting is explored to repair over-saturated solar image due to light intensity beyond threshold of optical lens. Third, image translation among UV/EUV observation of the chromosphere/corona, Ha observation of the chromosphere and magnetogram of the photosphere is realized by using GAN, exhibiting powerful image domain transfer ability among multiple wavebands and different observation devices. It can compensate the lack of observation time or waveband. In addition, time series model, e.g., LSTM, is exploited to forecast solar burst and solar activity indices. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the deep learning applications in solar astronomy. It is suitable for the students and young researchers who are major in astronomy and computer science, especially interdisciplinary research of them.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings, presented on the 20th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, WISE 2019 and on The International Workshop on Web Information Systems in the Era of AI, held in Hong Kong and Macau, China. Due to the problems in Hong Kong, WISE 2019 has been postponed until January 2020. The 7 workshop papers, 5 demo papers and 3 tutorial papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in the following sections: tutorials; demos; the International Workshop on Web Information Systems in the Era of AI.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, WISE 2019, held in Hong Kong, China, in November 2019. Due to the problems/protests in Hong Kong, WISE 2019 was postponed from November 26-30, 2019 until January 19-22, 2020. The 50 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 211 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: blockchain and crowdsourcing; machine learning; deep learning; recommender systems, data mining; web-based applications; entity linkage and disambiguation; graph learning; knowledge graphs; graph mining; and text mining.

Communities serve as basic structural building blocks for understanding the organization of many real-world networks, including social, biological, collaboration, and communication networks. Recently, community search over graphs has attracted significantly increasing attention, from small, simple, and static graphs to big, evolving, attributed, and location-based graphs. In this book, we first review the basic concepts of networks, communities, and various kinds of dense subgraph models. We then survey the state of the art in community search techniques on various kinds of networks across different application areas. Specifically, we discuss cohesive community search, attributed community search, social circle discovery, and geo-social group search. We highlight the challenges posed by different community search problems. We present their motivations, principles, methodologies, algorithms, and applications, and provide a comprehensive comparison of the existing techniques. This book finally concludes by listing publicly available real-world datasets and useful tools for facilitating further research, and by offering further readings and future directions of research in this important and growing area.

The interaction between ocean circulation and climate change has been an active research frontier in Earth sciences in recent years. Ocean circulation, and its related geophysical fluid dynamical principles, are now taught at graduate level in many Earth and atmospheric science departments. This is the first advanced textbook to discuss both wind-driven and thermohaline-driven processes - two important aspects of large-scale ocean circulation. It provides a concise introduction to the dynamics and thermodynamics of oceanic general circulation. This includes sea water thermodynamics and the energetics of the ocean circulation; an exhaustive theory of wind-driven circulation; thermohaline circulation with discussions on water mass formation/erosion, deep circulation, and the hydrological cycle; and interactions between wind-driven and thermohaline circulation. Highly illustrated to help the reader establish a clear mental picture of the physical principles involved, the book is invaluable for advanced courses in ocean circulation and as a reference for oceanographers and Earth scientists.

Very few books published so far have touched upon commodity finance and fewer still have provided a systematic explanation and analysis of the subject. It is however a subject that is relevant throughout almost every corner of the world From food to gold, commodities are ubiquitious. In this book, Dr. W. Huang, a practitioner and a trainer, covers commodities, commodity markets, commodity trade and the finance of commodity trade. As such, practitioners such as bankers and traders in commodity finance, and those institutions operating in this field, or planning to be active in this field, will all benefit from this book. This revised and updated second edition is a hands-on summary of commodity finance, with a special chapter dedicated to real-life case studies of commodity finance. Topics covered include: - High-level overview of commodity trade and finance. - The three major sectors of commodity finance: soft commodities, hard commodities and energy - Commodity finance and emerging markets, as most commodity export countries are emerging markets countries. - The special mechanisms and products of commodity finance, from plain vanilla products to more complicated structures. The concept of Supply Chain Finance is also covered in detail. - Bank and country risk. - Risk management principles, with practical case studies. - The organization of a typical commodity finance bank. The key benefits of the book are: For bankers - how to do business and what risks should be watched for? For traders, brokers and institutional investors - how commodity finance is done and what bank instruments can be used. For students - how is commodity finance handled and developed by banks? Each chapter can be read independently. The content has been reviewed by both experts and newcomers, incorporating their comments on style and content, to ensure it is as useful and clear as possible.

This book is focused on fundamental aspects of climate variability in the ocean, in particular changes of the wind-driven circulation. The vertical movement of isopycnal (isothermal) layers, including their stretching and compression, is called heaving and stretching. A major part of climate variability in the ocean is heaving in nature. Heave is primarily associated with the adiabatic motions of isopycnal layers due to change of wind stress. It is rather difficult to separate the contributions from adiabatic and diabatic processes. Isopycnal analysis has been widely used in climate study; however, it is much more accurate to study the isopycnal layers. Here climate signals are examined in terms of changes of layer depth, layer thickness, layer temperature/salinity, spicity and others. In addition to the traditional Theta-S diagram, the sigma-pi (potential density - potential spicity) diagram can also be used in analyzing water mass property distribution and climate variability. In fact, a radius of signal can be defined rigorously for signals in the sigma-pi diagram; the combination of isopycnal analysis and evaluation of radius of signal provides a powerful tool in analyzing climate variability in the world oceans.