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Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing
(NLP) systems have typically focused on the "factual" aspect of
content analysis. Other aspects, including pragmatics, opinion, and
style, have received much less attention. However, to achieve an
adequate understanding of a text, these aspects cannot be ignored.
The chapters in this book address the aspect of subjective opinion,
which includes identifying different points of view, identifying
different emotive dimensions, and classifying text by opinion.
Various conceptual models and computational methods are presented.
The models explored in this book include the following:
distinguishing attitudes from simple factual assertions;
distinguishing between the author's reports from reports of other
people's opinions; and distinguishing between explicitly and
implicitly stated attitudes. In addition, many applications are
described that promise to benefit from the ability to understand
attitudes and affect, including indexing and retrieval of documents
by opinion; automatic question answering about opinions; analysis
of sentiment in the media and in discussion groups about consumer
products, political issues, etc. ; brand and reputation management;
discovering and predicting consumer and voting trends; analyzing
client discourse in therapy and counseling; determining relations
between scientific texts by finding reasons for citations;
generating more appropriate texts and making agents more
believable; and creating writers' aids. The studies reported here
are carried out on different languages such as English, French,
Japanese, and Portuguese. Difficult challenges remain, however. It
can be argued that analyzing attitude and affect in text is an
"NLP"-complete problem.
Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing
(NLP) systems have typically focused on the "factual" aspect of
content analysis. Other aspects, including pragmatics, opinion, and
style, have received much less attention. However, to achieve an
adequate understanding of a text, these aspects cannot be ignored.
The chapters in this book address the aspect of subjective opinion,
which includes identifying different points of view, identifying
different emotive dimensions, and classifying text by opinion.
Various conceptual models and computational methods are presented.
The models explored in this book include the following:
distinguishing attitudes from simple factual assertions;
distinguishing between the author's reports from reports of other
people's opinions; and distinguishing between explicitly and
implicitly stated attitudes. In addition, many applications are
described that promise to benefit from the ability to understand
attitudes and affect, including indexing and retrieval of documents
by opinion; automatic question answering about opinions; analysis
of sentiment in the media and in discussion groups about consumer
products, political issues, etc. ; brand and reputation management;
discovering and predicting consumer and voting trends; analyzing
client discourse in therapy and counseling; determining relations
between scientific texts by finding reasons for citations;
generating more appropriate texts and making agents more
believable; and creating writers' aids. The studies reported here
are carried out on different languages such as English, French,
Japanese, and Portuguese. Difficult challenges remain, however. It
can be argued that analyzing attitude and affect in text is an
"NLP"-complete problem.
This volume is focused on subjects related to cerebral ischemia and
reperfusion injuries after acute stroke. All chapters are selected
from the Sixth Elite Stroke meeting named Pangu Stroke Conference
and written by members of world leading laboratories of stroke
studies. The contents cover both clinical and bench studies, from
basic components of cerebral arterial system to clinical
reperfusion injury cases, from reperfusion caused programmed cell
death and astrocyte activation to oxidative stress and nitric oxide
after reperfusion, from extracellular matrix and inflammation to a
role of diabetes after reperfusion, from small artery disorders to
collateral circulation and blood pressure control after
reperfusion. Wei-Jian Jiang, Chairman of New Era Stroke Care and
Research Institute of PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing,
China. Wengui Yu, Professor and Director of Comprehensive Stroke
& Cerebrovascular Center, University of California, Irvine Yan
Qu, Professor and Director of Neurosurgery at the Second Affiliated
Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China. Zhongsong
Shi, Professor of Neurosurgery at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital,
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Ben-yan Luo, Professor
and Chair of Neurology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang
University. John H. Zhang, Professor of Anesthesiology and
Physiology at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda,
CA, USA.
This volume is focused on subjects related to cerebral ischemia and
reperfusion injuries after acute stroke. All chapters are selected
from the Sixth Elite Stroke meeting named Pangu Stroke Conference
and written by members of world leading laboratories of stroke
studies. The contents cover both clinical and bench studies, from
basic components of cerebral arterial system to clinical
reperfusion injury cases, from reperfusion caused programmed cell
death and astrocyte activation to oxidative stress and nitric oxide
after reperfusion, from extracellular matrix and inflammation to a
role of diabetes after reperfusion, from small artery disorders to
collateral circulation and blood pressure control after
reperfusion. Wei-Jian Jiang, Chairman of New Era Stroke Care and
Research Institute of PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing,
China. Wengui Yu, Professor and Director of Comprehensive Stroke
& Cerebrovascular Center, University of California, Irvine Yan
Qu, Professor and Director of Neurosurgery at the Second Affiliated
Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China. Zhongsong
Shi, Professor of Neurosurgery at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital,
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Ben-yan Luo, Professor
and Chair of Neurology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang
University. John H. Zhang, Professor of Anesthesiology and
Physiology at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda,
CA, USA.
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