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This book will expand the body of literature on capacity-building
in science and improve public understanding of the issues regarding
geographical concentration of federal research funding. The federal
government has been the primary sponsor of academic research in the
U.S., and the peer-review system has been the primary mechanism for
distributing federal government funding for research among
universities. The peer-review system ensures the production of the
best science by funding the most capable researchers in the
country. As a result, federal research funding has been
concentrated in high-capacity states where many of the most capable
researchers reside. Despite official action - such as the
implementation of the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive
Research (EPSCoR), which targets low capacity jurisdictions for
federal funding - the amount of resources going to each state for
research is highly uneven. This book provides recommendations on
how to improve policy design and program implementation for better
research capacity-building outcomes. The book lends itself to a
wide audience, as it does not focus entirely on high-level
statistical analysis, but will have specific appeal to researchers
in science policy, federal budgeting and higher education policy.
Periphyton: Functions and Application in Environmental Remediation
presents a systematic overview of a wide variety of periphyton
functions and applications in environmental remediation, providing
readers with an understanding of the biological/ecological features
of periphyton, the methodology of their study, and their
application in environmental conservation. With increases in
environmental stress, anthropogenic impacts, and the global decline
in biodiversity, there is a pressing need for methods to assess and
improve environmental quality that are rapid, reliable, and
cost-effective. Periphyton is an important component of benthic
communities and plays a crucial role in the functioning of
microbial food webs. Because of a number of advantages, such as a
short lifecycle, relative immobility, more rapid responses to
environmental stress and anthropogenic impact than any metazoa,
ease of sampling, availability of taxonomic/molecular
identification, and standardized methodologies for temporal/spatial
comparisons, there has, in recent decades, been an increased
interest in periphyton as a tool in biological conservation in
aquatic ecosystems.
Broadband, or high-speed internet, has been called the most
important infrastructure challenge of the century. It has the
potential to connect remote communities, streamline health care
services, and support innovation across education, economics, and
numerous other fields. Given the growing and widespread investments
in broadband, how can citizens and policymakers determine whether
the promise of broadband is being fulfilled? Transforming
Everything? offers a comprehensive guide to the complexities and
possibilities of broadband as a social technology. It addresses
challenges for evaluating broadband initiatives across diverse
contexts and proposes guidance and methods for evaluation for
policymakers and researchers. Contributors draw on pioneering
research in program evaluation and information technology to
explore broadband applications in health, education, and civic
engagement. They also address key measurement and evaluation
challenges in the field today, including issues in privacy and
security and inadequate research methods for target populations.
Collectively, the chapters in this volume raise important questions
for improving research and evaluation in broadband use and
producing actionable evidence in a highly dynamic environment.
Transforming Everything? prepares readers with a critical
understanding of broadband technology and the necessary evidence to
assess whether broadband programs and policy are truly empowering
the communities they serve.
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